Exam 1 Flashcards
Hypothesis
a testable statement to explain a phenomenon or a set of observations
Alternate hypothesis (Ha)
hypothesis that a particular variable has a particular effect
Null hypothesis (Ho)
hypothesis of no effect
Parental traits blend and offspring have intermediate traits
There was something in each parent and the offspring got something in between
Blending inheritance
Parental traits are modified and then passed on to their offspring (Lamarck)
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
A hereditary factor that influences a particular trait; a region of DNA in a chromosome that codes for a particular protein or RNA
Gene
A particular form of a gene (two alleles in a diploid may be the same or different)
Allele
A listing of the alleles of particular genes in an individual
Genotype
An individual’s observable traits
Phenotypes
Having two of the same alleles (refers to a particular gene)
Homozygous
Having two different alleles (referents to a particular gene)
Heterozygous
An allele that produces the same phenotype in heterozygous and homozygous genotypes (dominance does not imply high frequency or high fitness)
Dominant allele
An allele that produces its phenotype only in homozygous genotypes (phenotype disappears in heterozygous individuals; recessive does not imply low frequency or low fitness)
Recessive allele
Individuals identical in phenotype that, when crossed, produce offspring that all have the same phenotype (pure line individuals are homozygous for the gene in question)
Pure line
Offspring from crosses between homozygous parents with different genotypes (hybrids are heterozygous)
Hybrid
A trait that appears commonly in two or more different forms (ex. flower color in pea plants is a polymorphic trait)
Polymorphic trait
A cross in which the phenotypes of the male and female are reserved
Reciprocal cross
A cross of homozygous recessive individual and the individual with the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype (usually used to determine whether a parent with a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous)
Testcross
Referring to a gene located on the Y chromosome or trait associated with a gene on the Y chromosome; also known as Y-linked (determine male-specific development)
Y-linkage
referring to a gene located on the X chromosome or a trait associated with a gene on the X chromosome; also known as X-linked (show different patterns of inheritance in males and females)
X-linkage
The concept that each pair of hereditary elements (consisting of alleles of the same gene) separate from each other during gamete formation
Principle of segregation
What is on the X-axis?
the independent variable
What is on the Y-axis
dependent variable
The factor that you, as the experimenter, change or control to see how it affects something else. It’s what you “manipulate” to observe how it influences other variables.
Independent variable
