Exam 1

Question 1

Study of the effects of drugs on the body and how the body responds to the drugs

Answer 1

Pharmacology

Question 2

Collection of botany and medicinal substances, precursor to pharmacology, around 40 BCE

Answer 2

Materia Medica

Question 3

Considered the father of toxicology, known for the phrase ‘The dose makes the poison’

Answer 3

Paracelsus

Question 4

Describes what a drug does to the body

Answer 4

Pharmacodynamics

Question 5

Describes what the body does to a drug, involving absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)

Answer 5

Pharmacokinetics

Question 6

Study of how a person’s genetic profile can influence their response to drugs

Answer 6

Pharmacogenomics

Question 7

Study of harmful effects of chemicals, substances, or situations on living organisms and the environment

Answer 7

Toxicology

Question 8

What is an agonist?

Answer 8

A drug that binds to a receptor and activates a response

Question 9

How does an agonist compare to the native ligand?

Answer 9

It may have a response greater or lesser than the native ligand

Question 10

What is an antagonist?

Answer 10

A drug that binds to a receptor and prevents the binding of the native ligand without activating a response.

Question 11

What is the function of an antagonist?

Answer 11

To block the receptor and inhibit the biological response that would normally occur upon ligand binding.

Question 12

Drug binding occurs at a site other than the active site on a receptor

Answer 12

Allosteric

Question 13

Drug binding occurs at the active site of a receptor

Answer 13

Orthosteric

Question 14

Toxins vs. Poisons

Answer 14

Toxins are biological substances, poisons are non-biological substances like arsenic or lead

Question 15

Drugs act at different receptors to counteract the effects of other drugs

Answer 15

Physiologic Antagonism

Question 16

Drugs that favor the inactive form of a receptor, effectively acting as stronger antagonists

Answer 16

Inverse Agonists

Question 17

Strongest type of bond, followed by ionic, hydrogen, and hydrophobic bonds

Answer 17

Covalent Bond

Question 18

Combination of optical isomers, mirror images of each other, can have different effects

Answer 18

Racemic Mixtures

Question 19

Large protein on cell surface that can bind to drugs or endogenous ligands

Answer 19

Receptor

Question 20

Specific site on a receptor where a drug or ligand binds to elicit a response

Answer 20

Receptor Site

Question 21

Maximum number of receptors available for a drug to bind to

Answer 21

Bmax

Question 22

Maximum effect or response achievable by a drug

Answer 22

Emax

Question 23

Dissociation constant, drug concentration at which 50% of receptors are occupied

Answer 23

Kd

Question 24

Effective concentration for 50% of the maximum effect, indicates drug potency

Answer 24

EC50

Question 25

Drug that competes for the active site with the agonist (surmountable)

Answer 25

Competitive Inhibitor

Question 26

Drug that binds to a different site on the receptor, preventing agonist binding (insurmountable)

Answer 26

Allosteric Inhibitor

Question 27

What is allosteric inhibition?

Answer 27

Inhibition that cannot be surmounted by increasing the dose of an antagonizing drug due to binding on a different site than competitive inhibition.

Question 28

How does allosteric inhibition differ from competitive inhibition?

Answer 28

Allosteric inhibition cannot be surmounted by increasing the dose of an antagonizing drug due to binding on a different site.

Question 29

What is physiologic antagonism?

Answer 29

It is a situation where two drugs/native ligands bind to different receptors with opposite effects.

Question 30

Give an example of physiologic antagonism in the cardiovascular system.

Answer 30

Epinephrine increases heart rate via beta receptors, while acetylcholine decreases heart rate via muscarinic receptors.

Question 31

Refers to the amount of drug required to produce a specific effect.

Answer 31

Potency

Question 32

Extent to which a drug produces a maximum effect regardless of dose.

Answer 32

Efficacy

Question 33

What is a partial agonist?

Answer 33

Binds like an agonist but produces a partial response.

Question 34

How does a partial agonist act in the presence of a full agonist?

Answer 34

Acts as an antagonist by preventing full agonist binding.

Question 35

What is the role of an inverse agonist?

Answer 35

It favors inactive receptors, acting as a stronger form of antagonist by lowering the constitutive form of the receptor.

Question 36

How does an inverse agonist differ from an antagonist?

Answer 36

An inverse agonist favors inactive receptors and acts as a stronger form of antagonist by lowering the constitutive form of the receptor.

Question 37

What are drug carriers?

Answer 37

Molecules like albumin in blood that bind drugs.

Question 38

How do drug carriers affect drug distribution and pharmacokinetics?

Answer 38

They alter drug response based on patient albumin levels.

Question 39

Ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose, indicating drug safety margin.

Answer 39

Therapeutic index

Question 40

Relates pH to pKa for weak acids and bases, determining their charged state in a solution.

Answer 40

Henderson Hasselbach equation

Question 41

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

Answer 41

From a single clone of B cells, created by fusing B cell with myeloma cell.

Question 42

What defines monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 42

Identical antibodies binding to a specific antigen.

Question 43

Regulatory body ensuring drug safety and efficacy in the United States, overseeing drug development from pre-clinical studies to post-marketing surveillance.

Answer 43

FDA

Question 44

Steps to bring a prescription drug to market

Answer 44

Include pre-clinical studies, IND application, Phase I-III trials, NDA submission, FDA review, and post-marketing surveillance.

Question 45

Receptor types based on molecular structure

Answer 45

Include G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear receptors, transporters, and enzymes.

Question 46

Define G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

Answer 46

Receptors with seven transmembrane spanning domains, an extracellular ligand-binding site, and an intracellular G protein-binding site.

Question 47

Ion channels that open in response to the binding of a specific ligand.

Answer 47

Ligand-gated ion channels

Question 48

Receptors that have intrinsic enzymatic activity upon ligand binding.

Answer 48

Catalytic receptors

Question 49

Receptors that regulate gene expression upon ligand binding.

Answer 49

Nuclear receptors

Question 50

Proteins responsible for the movement of ions, small molecules, or macromolecules across biological membranes.

Answer 50

Transporters

Question 51

Biological molecules that catalyze biochemical reactions.

Answer 51

Enzymes

Question 52

Molecules that amplify and propagate the signal initiated by the first messenger.

Answer 52

Second messengers

Question 53

What is desensitization?

Answer 53

The process where a cell reduces its responsiveness to a stimulus over time.

Question 54

The space available in the body to contain the drug.

Answer 54

Volume of distribution (Vd)

Question 55

The ability of the body to eliminate the drug.

Answer 55

Clearance (CL)

Question 56

The amount of drug in the body.

Answer 56

Concentration (C)

Question 57

The rate at which the drug is eliminated from the body.

Answer 57

Rate of Elimination (ROE)

Question 58

The desired concentration of the drug in the body to achieve the desired effect.

Answer 58

Target concentration (TC)

Question 59

The time it takes for the drug concentration to decrease by 50%.

Answer 59

Half-life (T1/2)

Question 60

The fraction of the administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation.

Answer 60

Bioavailability (F)