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Advanced Pharmacology Fall 24' > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of the effects of drugs on the body and how the body responds to the drugs

A

Pharmacology

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2
Q

Collection of botany and medicinal substances, precursor to pharmacology, around 40 BCE

A

Materia Medica

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3
Q

Considered the father of toxicology, known for the phrase ‘The dose makes the poison’

A

Paracelsus

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4
Q

Describes what a drug does to the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

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5
Q

Describes what the body does to a drug, involving absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)

A

Pharmacokinetics

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6
Q

Study of how a person’s genetic profile can influence their response to drugs

A

Pharmacogenomics

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7
Q

Study of harmful effects of chemicals, substances, or situations on living organisms and the environment

A

Toxicology

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8
Q

What is an agonist?

A

A drug that binds to a receptor and activates a response

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9
Q

How does an agonist compare to the native ligand?

A

It may have a response greater or lesser than the native ligand

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10
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A drug that binds to a receptor and prevents the binding of the native ligand without activating a response.

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11
Q

What is the function of an antagonist?

A

To block the receptor and inhibit the biological response that would normally occur upon ligand binding.

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12
Q

Drug binding occurs at a site other than the active site on a receptor

A

Allosteric

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13
Q

Drug binding occurs at the active site of a receptor

A

Orthosteric

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14
Q

Toxins vs. Poisons

A

Toxins are biological substances, poisons are non-biological substances like arsenic or lead

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15
Q

Drugs act at different receptors to counteract the effects of other drugs

A

Physiologic Antagonism

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16
Q

Drugs that favor the inactive form of a receptor, effectively acting as stronger antagonists

A

Inverse Agonists

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17
Q

Strongest type of bond, followed by ionic, hydrogen, and hydrophobic bonds

A

Covalent Bond

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18
Q

Combination of optical isomers, mirror images of each other, can have different effects

A

Racemic Mixtures

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19
Q

Large protein on cell surface that can bind to drugs or endogenous ligands

A

Receptor

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20
Q

Specific site on a receptor where a drug or ligand binds to elicit a response

A

Receptor Site

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21
Q

Maximum number of receptors available for a drug to bind to

A

Bmax

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22
Q

Maximum effect or response achievable by a drug

A

Emax

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23
Q

Dissociation constant, drug concentration at which 50% of receptors are occupied

A

Kd

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24
Q

Effective concentration for 50% of the maximum effect, indicates drug potency

A

EC50

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25
Q

Drug that competes for the active site with the agonist (surmountable)

A

Competitive Inhibitor

26
Q

Drug that binds to a different site on the receptor, preventing agonist binding (insurmountable)

A

Allosteric Inhibitor

27
Q

What is allosteric inhibition?

A

Inhibition that cannot be surmounted by increasing the dose of an antagonizing drug due to binding on a different site than competitive inhibition.

28
Q

How does allosteric inhibition differ from competitive inhibition?

A

Allosteric inhibition cannot be surmounted by increasing the dose of an antagonizing drug due to binding on a different site.

29
Q

What is physiologic antagonism?

A

It is a situation where two drugs/native ligands bind to different receptors with opposite effects.

30
Q

Give an example of physiologic antagonism in the cardiovascular system.

A

Epinephrine increases heart rate via beta receptors, while acetylcholine decreases heart rate via muscarinic receptors.

31
Q

Refers to the amount of drug required to produce a specific effect.

A

Potency

32
Q

Extent to which a drug produces a maximum effect regardless of dose.

A

Efficacy

33
Q

What is a partial agonist?

A

Binds like an agonist but produces a partial response.

34
Q

How does a partial agonist act in the presence of a full agonist?

A

Acts as an antagonist by preventing full agonist binding.

35
Q

What is the role of an inverse agonist?

A

It favors inactive receptors, acting as a stronger form of antagonist by lowering the constitutive form of the receptor.

36
Q

How does an inverse agonist differ from an antagonist?

A

An inverse agonist favors inactive receptors and acts as a stronger form of antagonist by lowering the constitutive form of the receptor.

37
Q

What are drug carriers?

A

Molecules like albumin in blood that bind drugs.

38
Q

How do drug carriers affect drug distribution and pharmacokinetics?

A

They alter drug response based on patient albumin levels.

39
Q

Ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose, indicating drug safety margin.

A

Therapeutic index

40
Q

Relates pH to pKa for weak acids and bases, determining their charged state in a solution.

A

Henderson Hasselbach equation

41
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

From a single clone of B cells, created by fusing B cell with myeloma cell.

42
Q

What defines monoclonal antibodies?

A

Identical antibodies binding to a specific antigen.

43
Q

Regulatory body ensuring drug safety and efficacy in the United States, overseeing drug development from pre-clinical studies to post-marketing surveillance.

A

FDA

44
Q

Steps to bring a prescription drug to market

A

Include pre-clinical studies, IND application, Phase I-III trials, NDA submission, FDA review, and post-marketing surveillance.

45
Q

Receptor types based on molecular structure

A

Include G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear receptors, transporters, and enzymes.

46
Q

Define G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

A

Receptors with seven transmembrane spanning domains, an extracellular ligand-binding site, and an intracellular G protein-binding site.

47
Q

Ion channels that open in response to the binding of a specific ligand.

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

48
Q

Receptors that have intrinsic enzymatic activity upon ligand binding.

A

Catalytic receptors

49
Q

Receptors that regulate gene expression upon ligand binding.

A

Nuclear receptors

50
Q

Proteins responsible for the movement of ions, small molecules, or macromolecules across biological membranes.

A

Transporters

51
Q

Biological molecules that catalyze biochemical reactions.

A

Enzymes

52
Q

Molecules that amplify and propagate the signal initiated by the first messenger.

A

Second messengers

53
Q

What is desensitization?

A

The process where a cell reduces its responsiveness to a stimulus over time.

54
Q

The space available in the body to contain the drug.

A

Volume of distribution (Vd)

55
Q

The ability of the body to eliminate the drug.

A

Clearance (CL)

56
Q

The amount of drug in the body.

A

Concentration (C)

57
Q

The rate at which the drug is eliminated from the body.

A

Rate of Elimination (ROE)

58
Q

The desired concentration of the drug in the body to achieve the desired effect.

A

Target concentration (TC)

59
Q

The time it takes for the drug concentration to decrease by 50%.

A

Half-life (T1/2)

60
Q

The fraction of the administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation.

A

Bioavailability (F)

Advanced Pharmacology Fall 24' (1 decks)

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