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Internal Medicine > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Genomic Variation

A

sequence differences among individuals may be associated with health and disease

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2
Q

Three major categories of genomic variation?

A
  • changes in single base pair (polymorphism)
  • insertions and deletion of a small or a large number of base pairs
  • structural rearrangements on a chromosome
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3
Q

genomic medicine

A
  • implementation and application of precision medicine in which prevention and intervention strategies are tailored to the individual based on analysis of genomic and cellular info. as well as info about the individual environment, activities, behaviors and social networks
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4
Q

Precision PT; genetic factors are associated with

A
  1. disease risk (family history studies indicate substantial familial risk for many conditions, but lifestyle interventions and behavior modifications may reduce risk)
  2. severity and progression of disease
  3. variation in response to exercise and rehab programs
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5
Q

Social structures influencing the individual

A

individual, family, community, society

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6
Q

levels of organization

A
  1. atom
  2. molecule
  3. macromolecule
  4. organelle
  5. cell
  6. tissue
  7. organ
  8. organ system
  9. organism
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7
Q

what is epigenetics?

A

study of how biology (internal) and environment (external) signals determine gene expression

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8
Q

What is health?

A

WHO: a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing

-person’s biological, psychologic, emotional, spiritual, and sociologic state

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9
Q

What influences health?

A

health is a dynamic process that varies with changes in interactions between an individual and internal and external environment

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10
Q

What is disease?

A
  • a biologic or psychologic alternation that results in a malfunction of a body organ or system
  • describes a biomedical conditon
    Ex: elevated temp or infection
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11
Q

What is illness?

A
  • sickness or deviation from a healthy state
  • the perception and response of person to not being well
  • a person can feel very ill even tho no obvious pathological processes can be identified
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12
Q

What is the difference between illness and disease?

A

disease: can occur in individual w/o person being aware of illlness and w/o perceiving illness
illness: person can feel ill with no obvious pathological processes identified

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13
Q

What is acute illness?

A
  • illness or disease that has a relatively rapid onset and short duration
  • physical symptoms, cognitive awarenss, and emotional response
    ex: denial, fear, anxiety
  • not synonymous with severe
  • if no complications occur = most end in full recovery and return to previous level of functioning
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14
Q

What is chronic illness?

A
  • permanent impairment or disability
  • residual physical or cognitive disability
  • need for special rehab or long term med management
  • potential decreased quality of life
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15
Q

How is chronic illness modified?

A

through changes in behavior and lifestyle

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16
Q

What are types of premorbid (before illness) personalities and psychologic profile?

A
  1. dependent type personality
  2. narcissistic
  3. stoic person
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17
Q

What is a dependent type of personality?

A
  • may become very dependent
  • ask for unusually large amts of advice or reassurance from health care specialists
  • expecting attention beyond that required for degree of illness present
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18
Q

What is pathology?

A

branch of medicine that investigates essential nature of diseae esp. changes in body tissues and organs that cause or are caused by disease

  • the structural and functional changes in the body caused by disease or trauma
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19
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

development of unhealthy conditions or disease; cellular events and reactions and other pathologic mechanisms that occur in the development of disease

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19
Q

What is clinical pathology?

A

pathology applied to solution of clinical problems esp the use of lab methods in clinical diagnosis

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20
Q

What is often used to describe the health status of a nation?

A

leading causes of death

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21
Q

What are the stages of acute illnesses?

A
  • first stage: physical symptoms (pain,short breathe)
  • second stage: cognitive awareness (symptoms have meaning)
  • third stage: emotional response: denial, fear, anxiety
  • final: recovery or rehab
22
Q

shift from infectious disease to?

A

noncommunicable diseases such as heart attack, diabetes, cancer

23
Q

What can lead to progession of a psychologic disorder?

A

the impact of abnormal neural wiring and firing associated with repeated negative thoughts

24
Q

A narcissitic (self centered) person would?

A

concern about need to take meds or loss of ability to work

25
Q

a stoic person would?

A

indifferent to or unaffected by pain, may have difficulty admitting to being sick at all

26
Q

Factors that affect a person’s psychologial reaction?

A
  • extent of illness and particular symptoms that develop
27
Q

What is a common reaction to any illness?

A

fear or axiety related to loss of control over one’s own body

28
Q

What is denial?

A
  • an unconscious defense mechanism that allows a person to avoid painful reality
  • natural part of the process of dealing with illness, which culminates in acceptance
29
Q

Why is pathology important to a PT?

A
  • the effects of pathological process (diseases) on the person’s functional abilities and limitations
  • how can the person participate in his family and community
30
Q

What kind of disabilites exist?

A
  • physcial disabilities
  • cognitive disability
  • military personnel and veterans
31
Q

What are executive functions?

A
  • described as corticol functions involved in formulating goals and planning, initating, monitoring, and maintaining behavior
32
Q

What is complex problem solving?

A

the effective handling of new info

33
Q

What is information processing?

A

speed with which info travels from one part of brain to another

34
Q

What are memory deficits?

A

result from a failure to store or retrieve information

35
Q

What are learning disability?

A

difficulty aquiring information in specific domains in a person with normal or near normal intelligence

36
Q

Why are PT in an ideal position?

A
  • reduce risk factors and prevent and treat non-communicable diseases by providing patient (the client) education, prescribing physical activity and exercise, performing manual therapy consistent with a biopsychosocial paradigm
37
Q

What is ICF framework?

A

used by WHO to classify and code info about health and provide standard language

38
Q

What social structures influencing the individual?

A

individual, family, community, society

39
Q

Matures

A

postwar depression era
1900-1946

40
Q

Baby Boomers

A

1946-1964

41
Q

Generation X

A

1965-1979

42
Q

Generation Y or Millenials

A

1980-1999

43
Q

Generation Z/ Digital Natives

A

2000-now

44
Q
A
45
Q

senescence

A

process/condition of growing old may be result of continous cellular metabolism, cellular damage, inefficent repair systems t/o entire life span

46
Q

Antiaging theory

A

telomerase theory of aging
- the shortening of telomers in the process of DNA replication during cell division determines how long a cell functions and when cellular apoptosis occurs
- telomerase inhibitors may stop cancer cells

47
Q

example of program based aging

A
  • gene mutation theory
  • genetic control theory
  • planned obsolescence theory
    focus on genetically driven not environmentally or accumulated cellular
48
Q

Example of damage based aging?

A
  • alterations in DNA
  • forming of free radicals from oxidative processes causing damage to tissues and cells
  • increased cross linking tendion, bone, and muscle tissue
  • reducing tissue elasicity
  • obstructing passafe of nutirents and waste between cells
    environmentally induced
49
Q

Centenarians vs supercenterarians

A

The most rapid population growth occured in people older than 85
C: those who live to the age of 109
S: 110 or more

50
Q

What consitutes successful aging?

A

centenarians and supercentenarians

51
Q

What is the epigenetic clock?

A

DNA methylation

52
Q

What is the most important in impact on gene?

A

diet and nutrition

53
Q
A

Internal Medicine (7 decks)

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