Exam 1

Question 1

congruent vs incongruent joints

Answer 1

congruent: equal joint surfaces
incongruent: unequal joint surfaces

Question 2

a basketball free throw would be considered in the ________ plane and ______axis for the glenohumeral joint

Answer 2

sagittal plane and transverse axis

Question 3

what is joint incongruency

Answer 3

incongruent joints have dissimilar amounts of available surface on each side of the articulation

Question 4

is a nordic hamstring curl a CKC or OKC

Answer 4

CKC

Question 5

What is one characteristic of OKC excercizes

Answer 5

distal segment is mobile with a stable proximal segment

Question 6

whats another name for the transverse axis

Answer 6

medio-lateral axis

Question 7

arm abduction at the shoulder joint is classified as _____ slide and _____ roll

Answer 7

inferior slide
superior roll

Question 8

whats the difference between osteokinematics and arthrokinematics

Answer 8

osteokinematics: change in position in space
arthrokinematics: movements internal to joints

Question 9

whats mechanoadaptation

Answer 9

the bones ability to respond to a mechanical bond

Question 10

difference between your axial and appendicular skeleton

Answer 10

axial skeleton is the skull, thorax and vertebral column
appendicular skeleton is the limbs. this also counts the scapula and pelvis (ilium)

Question 11

what product are flat bones rich in

Answer 11

bone marrow

Question 12

whats are the two main differences between sesamoid bones and short bones

Answer 12

short bones are more cubelike; while sesamoid bones are more circular
sesamoid bones will be imbedded into a tendon; like the patella

Question 13

what are the 5 forces that can act on a bone

Answer 13

1,2- compression/tension: both pushing in or both pulling out
3- shear: opposite horizontal movements
4- torsion: opposite rotations
5- bending

Question 14

whats the role of osteoclasts

Answer 14

multicellular bones that reabsorb effected bone

Question 15

what are osteoblasts

Answer 15

cells that create new bone, they come in after the osteoclasts.
some get trapped in the new bone that was just created.

Question 16

what are osteocytes

Answer 16

signaling molecules. lets the other cells know when a microtear occurs and where. this mainly signals to the osteoclasts

Question 17

whats cortical bone

Answer 17

compact, dense, outer layer, can withstand pressure forces

Question 18

whats cancellous bone

Answer 18

spongy, porous, inner bone layer

Question 19

what are the hinge joints of the body

Answer 19

elbow, knee, IP hand joints, IP foot joints, tibiotalar joint of the ankle (talocural joint)

Question 20

what movements does the hinge joint allow

how many DOF

Answer 20

flexion/extension

1

Question 21

what joints in the body are pivot joints

Answer 21

atlas/axis in neck, radioulnar joint

Question 22

what movements occur at pivot joints

how many DOF

Answer 22

rotation around a single axis

1

Question 23

what bones are ellipsoid joints

Answer 23

MTP joints, MCP joints, radiocarpal joint

Question 24

what movements can occur for ellipsoid joints

how many DOF

Answer 24

flexion/extension
ab/adduction

2

Question 25

what bones are condyloid joints

Answer 25

knee (also wrist, toes and fingers like the ellipsoid joints?)wh

Question 26

at movements can occur at condyloid joints how many DOF

Answer 26

main: flexion/extension accessory: rotation/circumduction 2 but basically one

Question 27

what bones are ball and socket joints

Answer 27

shoulder, hip

Question 28

what movements occur at ball and socket joints how many DOF

Answer 28

flexion/extension, ab/adduction, rotation 3

Question 29

what bones are plane joints

Answer 29

carpals, tarsals, vertebrae, clavicle and acromion (acromioclavicular joint)

Question 30

what movements occur at plane joints how many DOF

Answer 30

sliding accessory: rotation 2 but basically 1

Question 31

what bones are saddle joints

Answer 31

CMC joints, TMC joints, sternoclavicular joint

Question 32

what movements occur at saddle joints how many DOF

Answer 32

ab/addcution, flexion/extesion 2

Question 33

what is articular cartilage made of (matrix and cells)

Answer 33

cells: chondrocytes matrix: collagen and proteoglycans, water

Question 34

what are the 4 main functions of articular cartilage

Answer 34

transmit compressive forces allows motion with minimal friction and wear redistributes contact stresses over larger area protects underlying bone

Question 35

ligaments of a synovial joint can either be __________ or __________

Answer 35

intracapsular or extracapsular

Question 36

seven elements of a synovial joint

Answer 36

articular cartilage on bone within the joint joint articular capsule synovial membrane synovial fluid ligaments stabilizing the joint (intra or extra) blood vessels (bone and membrane) sensory nerves (membrane)

Question 37

whats the most common joint type in the body

Answer 37

synovial

Question 38

what protects a synovial joint and secretes synovial fluid into the joint to lubricate and provide nutrition

Answer 38

fibrous joint capsule

Question 39

define active insufficiency

Answer 39

muscle contraction until it cannot contract anymore. Actin and Myos

Question 40

define passive insufficiency

Answer 40

muscle extension until it cannot extend anymore

Question 41

which of the following is a biarticular muscle deltoid soleus brachialis rectus femoris

Answer 41

rectus femoris

Question 42

whats the role of a stabilizer muscle

Answer 42

to hold a segment still

Question 43

what muscle type can generate forces at higher speeds

Question 44

what muscle action involves the muscle lengthening under tension

Answer 44

eccentric activation

Question 45

whats the first step in analyzing muscle action at a joint

Answer 45

determining the planes of rotary motion allowed at the joint

Question 46

would flexion or extension best describe passive tension in a muscle

Answer 46

tension generated by stretching a muscle

Question 47

during concentric muscle activation what happens to the velocity of contraction as the load increases

Answer 47

velocity decreases

Question 48

what scenario best describes an eccentric muscle action -the knee is flexing as the knee extensor group is active -the knee is extending as the knee extensor group is active -the knee is flexing as the knee flexor group is active

Question 49

the biceps brachii acts eccentrically during lifting or lowering during bicep curls

Answer 49

lowering