Exam 1 Flashcards
What are Healthcare-Associated Infections?
Infections resulting from exposure to microorganisms in any healthcare setting while receiving treatment for another condition.
What is a 2024 National Patient Safety Goal to prevent Healthcare-Acquired Infections (HAI)?
Improve hand hygiene
What are the most common Healthcare-Acquired Infections?
Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTIs), Surgical Site Infections (SSIs), Ventilator-associated Pneumonia (VAP), Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI), Clostridium difficile disease (must wash hands to get rid of C. Diff), Multi-drug resistant organism (MDRO) infections
What are the stages of infection?
Incubation (from time of infection until manifestation of symptoms; can infect others)
Prodromal (appearance of vague symptoms; not all diseases have this stage)
Illness (signs and symptoms present)
Decline (number of pathogens decline)
Convalescence (tissue repair, return to health)
What are the six links in the spread of infection?
Infectious agents
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible host
What are the classifications of infections based on location?
Local & Systemic
What are the classifications of infection by duration?
Acute - rapid onset of short duration
Chronic - slow development, long duration
Latent - infection present with no discernible symptoms
What is an endogenous healthcare-related infection?
The pathogen arises from the patients normal flora, when some form of treatment causes normally harmless microbe to multiply and cause infection.
What are exogenous healthcare-acquired infections?
Infections from pathogens acquired from personnel or the environment in a healthcare setting
What is a secondary infection?
An infection that follows a primary infection, especially in immunocompromised patients
What are the indications to use standard precautions?
Used for all patient care to prevent contact with body fluids/secretions/excretions (sweat excluded), non-intact skin, mucous membranes
What is the implementation of standard precautions?
Handwashing/hand hygiene
PPE - as indicated
Manage sharps, linen, equipment
Private room if pt is likely to contaminate environment
Cleaning/disinfection procedures
What are the indications for Contact Precautions?
Known/suspected infection spread via contact
Colonized with MDRO
Excessive drainage, incontinence
What does the implementation of Contact Precautions look like?
Gloves & gown always worn in room
Face PPE if indicated
Private room or cohort
Dedicated equipment
Transport patient for essential purposes only
Visitor gown/glove per facility policy
What is the indication for Droplet Precautions?
Infection spread by large particle droplets
What does the Implementation of Droplet Precautions look like?
Surgical mask worn within 3 ft of pt
Private room preferred
Patient wears surgical mask if transport required
What is the indication for Airborne Precautions?
Infections spread through air over long distances
What does the Implementation of Airborne Precautions look like?
Private negative-airflow room preferred
Doors remain closed
N95 respirator mask worn when entering room
What is the indication of Protective Isolation/Neutropenic Precautions?
High susceptibility to infection
What does the implementation of Protective Isolation/Neutropenic Precautions look like?
Private room
Meticulous hand hygiene
Visitors restricted
No plants/flowers/standing water
Avoid fresh fruit, raw milk products, raw honey, processed meats, mold foods (blue cheese)
Who was Florence NIghtingale? What were some of her contributions to nursing?
Florence Nightingale is known as the “founder of modern nursing”
In her notes she stated that air, light, nutrition, and adequate ventilation were essential for soldiers to recuperate.
Who established the American Red Cross?
Clara Barton
What are the 5 stages of the nurse model?
Stage 1: Novice - the onset of education, little clinical experience, task oriented, following guidelines (Us!)
Stage 2: Advanced Beginner - a new graduate typically in this stage, can distinguish abnormal finding but cannot readily understand their significance.
Stage 3: Competence - immediately connect changes in the vital signs with surgical procedure, recognize possible early signs of shock, and conduct a more in-depth assessment.
Stage 4: Proficient - see the “big picture”
Stage 5: Expert - they are a resource, use their intuition
What is Medicare?
This is a federal insurance program designed to provide insurance for persons 65 years and older and younger people with permanent disabilities, such as end-stage renal disease, but provides limited coverage for long-term care.
What is Medicaid?
A federal and state program developed to provide access to healthcare services for individuals with low incomes and minimal resources. Comprehensive set of benefits including prescription drugs, skilled care, and long-term care
What is the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)?
A federal and state program that provides health insurance to children whose family has income that exceeds medicaid eligibility criteria but cannot afford private insurance and are not covered under a parents policy.
What are the characteristics of Therapeutic Communication?
Empathy
Respect
Genuineness
Concreteness
Confrontation
What are the Therapeutic Communication Techniques?
Silence - give the pt time to process and respond
Active listening
Restatement
Reflection
Summarizing
Clarifying
Validating
Touch
Name a few practical ways to enhance therapeutic communication
Ask permission
Create privacy
Explain what you’re doing and why
Sit at eye level
Make eye contact
Relaxed posture
Allow time to respond
Encourage elaboration
Avoid jargon
What are risks for impaired communication?
Patients who are:
Angry
Aphasic
Confused
Hearing impaired
Unresponsive/unconscious
Visually impaired
List some examples of Non-Therapeutic Communication
False reassurance
Giving advice
Changing subject
Moralizing
Patronizing
Stereotyping
Interrogating/ asking Why?
Disapproving/ Approving
Talking too much about yourself
Nonprofessional involvement
Nosy questions
