Exam 1 Flashcards
what are zoogeographic realms
a part of earth that has a species found in only that area
which realm has the most mammal families
afrotropic
which realm has the most endemic (in one area) mammal families
neotropic
which realm has no endemic mammal families
palearctic
which realm has no terrestrial mammal families
antarctic
what are the morphological features shared among monotremata (spiny anteaters, platypus)
-beak like rostrum
-adults are toothless
-lacrimal (bone in eye socket) and frontal bones absent
-no auditory bulla
what are the morphological features of echidna (spiny anteater)
-rostrum slender and beak like
-long protrusible tongue
-thick body, short spines
what are the morphological features of platypus
-fur grows straight out of skin at right angles to the surface
-dense, velvet fur and woolly underfur
-eye and ear openings covered by skin when submerged
-webbed feet
what are the morphological features shared among monotremes
-syndactylous or nonsyndactylous feet
-polyprotodont or diprotodont
-epipubic bones
-holes in the palate (palatal vacuities)
which australian marsupial order is non-syndactylous (two digits not fused) and polyprotodont (4+ upper teeth)
dasyuromorphia (carnivores), notoryctemorphia (itjarijaris)
which australian marsupial order is syndactylous (two digits fused) and diprotodont (two front teeth)
diprotodontia (wombats, koalas, possums, gliders, kangaroos)
which australian marsupial order is syndactylous (two digits fused) and polyprotodont (4+ upper teeth)
peramelemorphia (bandicoots and bilbies)
what are the 3 orders of south american metatherians
-didelphimorphia (opossums)
-paucituberculata (rat opossums)
-microbiotheria
what are the traits of the order didelphimorphia (opossums)
-tail usually prehensile
-braincase long and narrow
-prominent sagittal crest (bone that runs along top of head)
what are the morphological features of dasyuromorphia (carnivores)
-small pointed or blade like incisors
-large canines with sharp edge
-sharp molars for insectivorous and carnivorous diet
-diverse in habitat and body size
what are the morphological features of notoryctemorphia (marsupial mole, itjarijaris)
-eyes do not work (vestigial and lensless)
-ears lack outside part (pinnae)
-dry and hard skin on nose
-enlarged claws for digging
-marsupium (pouch) opens posteriorly
what are the morphological features of peramelemorphia (bandicoots, bilbies)
-marsupium opens to rear
-syndactylous, polyprotodont
-slender rostrum
-hindfeet modified for running
what are the morphological features of diprotodontia (wombats, koalas, possums, gliders, kangaroos)
-syndactyly and dirptodonty
what are the unique traits of phascolarctidae (koala)
-specialized arboreal herbivore
-fairly sedentary (chill vibes)
what are the unique traits of macropodidae (kangaroos, wallabies)
-marsupium opens anteriorly
-highly specialized for hopping/jumping
-hindlimbs are especially elongate, digits 2 and 3 are small and syndactylous
which 2 clades make up the boreoeutheria
afrotheria and xenarthra
what are the four hypotheses that explain how the major eutherian clades are related
-exafroplacentalia
-epitheria
-atlantogenata
-trichotomy
what are the differences between metatherians and eutherians
-metatherians are less diverse
-metatherians are more conservative morphologically
-metatherians are small
-metatherians are not highly social
what are the unique morphological features of the 4 families of eulipotyphla (shrews, moles, hedgehogs)
-small animals with long narrow pointed/mobile snouts
-feed on invertebrates, insects/earthworms, vegetable matter
who are the members of feliformia
-cats
-civets/genets
-falanouc/fossa/Malagasy mongooses
-African palm civet
-mongooses
-hyenas, aardwolf
who are the members of caniformia
-wolves/foxes/jackals
-bears/giant pandas
-walrus
-eared seals/fur seals/sea lions
-earless seals
-weasels/badgers/otters
-skunks/stink badgers
-raccoons/ringtails/coatis
-red pandas
what are the general morphological features of extant carnivores
-large braincase
-large sagittal crest (bone on top of head) and zygomatic arch (cheek bone)
-all teeth are rotted
-large auditory bullae
-carnassial teeth (modified molars)
-walk on toes
-claws
-long limbs with no clavicle
-spotted/striped fur
what are the unique morphological features of phocidae, odobenidae, and otariidae (seals)
phocidae- earless seal, body insulated with blubber, external genitalia and nipples below body surface, torpedo shaped body
odobenidae- flipper like limbs, external ears small or absent, limbs only protrude from body at elbow/knee, rudimentary tail
otariidae- highly advanced ability to swim/dive, feet and hands fully webbed, cheek teeth are all the same, overlapped bone in skull
what are the general morphological features of manidae (pangolins)
-elongated skull
-no teeth
-scales made of keratin
-hands and feet have long curved claws
-diet of termites and ants
-tongue long and worm like
what part of the bat wing is plagiopatagium
area from the body to the 5th digit
what part of the bat wing is chiropatagium
between the 5th digit and wing tip
what part of the bat wing is propatagium
shoulder to the wrist
what part of the bat wing is uropatagium
between legs
in what way are bat flight and breathing related
wing beats must be coordinated with breathing
what is the function of a cambered asymmetrical wing profile in a bat
unequal pressures above and below wing generate lift
what is the angle of attack for a bat
angle of leading edge above horizontal
how is the camber of the wing controlled in a bat
muscles control the curvature of the wing in flight
what is the function of the shoulder lock in a bat
which muscles produce the upstroke and downstroke in a bat and how is this different from a bird
downstroke- subscapularis, serratus ventralis thoracis, pectoralis
upstroke- deltoideus and trapezuis groups, supraspinatus and infraspinatus
in birds, the superacoracoideus raises wing, pectoralis lowers it
what is the function mechanism of automatic flexion and extension of the wrist in a bat
tends to flex the fingers or extend the fingers
what kind of wing loading and aspect ratio do bats have
low wing loading and low aspect ration wings
how do some bats hover
downstroke is oriented forward and upstroke is directed backwards
what are the anatomical structures associated with sound production and reception in bats
larynx
what happens in the bat middle ear when a vocalization is produced
the bat hears the echoes that are returned and compares time between when signal was sent and returned and the shift in frequency
what are the 2 parts of the bat premaxilla
how does the premaxilla vary among bat families
-lacks palatal branches
-tiny and threadlike
-nasal branches free
what are the three living families of perissodactyls
equidae (horses and zebras), tapiridae (tapirs), and rhinocerotidae (rhinos)
which perissodactyl family has a primarily neotropical distribution
tapiridae
which perissodactyl family has a prehensile nose
tapirs
which perissodactyl family has horns and what are they made of
rhinos, keratin
which mammals are included in the order cetartiodactyla
hogs, pigs, peccaries, hippos, camels, llamas, alpacas, llamas, mouse deer, chevrotain, musk deer, deer, pronghorn, giraffe, okapi, antelope, bison, cattle, duikers, goats, sheep
who are the members of camelidamorpha
camels, alpacas, llamas
who are the members of suinamorpha
pigs and peccaries
who are the members of ruminantia
the ruminants (majority of modern artiodactyl species
how do the feet of the family camelidae (camels/llamas) differ from the typical artiodactyl
the third and fourth metapodials have become fused to create the cannon bone
which families of artiodactyla have lost their upper incisors
bovidae, cervidae, and giraffidae
what adaptations do ruminantia have for their herbivorous diet
multichambered stomachs and foregut fermentation (rumen)
what are the basic characteristics of the family hippopotamidae
huge head, short limbs, big body
what is baleen
keratin plates used for straining food from seawater
what are the three (4) types of feeding strategies of the suborder mysticeti (baleen whales)
-grazing near surface
-lunge feeding
-bubble nets
-ploughing
what are odontocetes
toothed whales, porpoises, dolphins
what is the function of the melon/junk/spermaceti organ
lipids that act as a sort of phonic lens
what is the function of the phonic lips
produce clicks
how are cetaceans able to produce sounds and hear the reflected sound at the same time
what is a telescoped skull
a pointed skull, almost beak like
what kind of teeth do cetaceans have
homodont
where are the nares (nostrils) located
posterior
which orders make up the euarchonta
dermoptera, scandentia, primates, lagomorpha, rodentia
which orders make up the glires
lagomorpha and rodentia
what kind of locomotion defines members of the family cynocephalidae (colugos)
can glide over 100 meters, unable to stand upright, crepuscular
what are the unique characteristics of the skull of members of the order scandentia (tree shrews)
upper incisors are caniniform, lower incisors form a tooth comb, prominent hole in zygomatic arch
what are the basic primate characteristics
grasping hands and feet, generalized skeleton, enlarged orbits and orbital convergence, reliance on vision over olfaction, enlarged brain, quadrate molars
what are the anatomical traits associated with tarsiiformes (tarsiidae)
large forward facing eyes
digits with disk like pads
tibia and fibula fused
long ankle bones (calcaneum and navicular)
what kind of primates are in the group platyrrhini
marmosets, tamarins, capuchins, squirrel monkeys, night monkeys, titi, uakari, and saki monkeys, howler, spider, and woolly monkeys
what are the defining traits of the group platyrrhini (tamarins, squirrel/spider/howler/night monkeys)
broad flat nostrils
three premolar teeth
no bony ear tube
what are the two subfamilies of cercopithecidae and what are the traits of each
cercopithecinae- omnivore, cheek pouches, simple stomach
colobinae- folivorous, no cheek pouch, complex stomach
what are the primates of hylobatidae
gibbons and siamangs
what are the defining traits of hylobatidae (gibbons)
no cheek or tail pouch, highly vocal, long forelimbs
what are the primates in hominidae
humans, chimps, gorillas, orangutans
what are the defining traits of hominidae (humans, gorillas)
large canines, forelimbs longer than hindlimbs, well developed social systems
describe the incisors and skull fenestration of lagomorphs (hares, pikas, and rabbits)
2 upper incisors- the middle pair are large, the outside pair are small, peg like, and offset
skull is arched in profile
how do the upper and lower tooth rows of lagomorpha interact with each other
describe rodent incisors
one pair of upper and lower incisors, each tooth is enlarged, sharply beveled, and always growing
protrogomorphous
the ancestral condition, only found in mountain beavers, small infraorbital foramen
sciuromorphous
front of the zygomatic arch is developed into a large zygomatic plate
myomorphous
zygomatic plate with anterior shift of the lateral masseter, enlarged infraorbital foramen
hystricomorphous
greatly enlarged infraorbital foramen
sciurognathous and hystricognathous
defined by position of angular process on dentary
sciuromorpha suborder
mountain beaver, tree squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, dormice
castorimorpha suborder
beavers, gophers, kangaroo rats
myomorpha suborder
jerboas, birch mice, tree mice, zokors, bamboo rats, blind mole rats, african root rats, calomyscus, gerbils
what are the two largest families of mammals
creicetidae and muridae
anomaluromorpha suborder
scaly-tailed squirrels and springhare
hystricomorpha suborder
comb rats, kha-nyou, cane rats, dassie rats, pacaranas, tuco-tucos, chinchilla rats, pacas, degus, hutias, mole rats, old world porcupines, chinchillas, guinea pigs, maras, capybaras, agoutis, spiny rats, nutrias
why are some members of heteromyidae called kangaroo rats
they jump in the same way that a kangaroo does, balancing on their tail to hop
what other rodent family is dipodidae convergent with
why are some geomyidae called pocket gophers
what is the defining trait of hystricidae (old world porcupines)
large quills, very sharp
what is the defining trait of erethizontidae (new world porcupines)
smaller, more arrboreal
what other rodent is erethizontidae convergent with
defining characteristics of xenarthrans (armadillos, sloths, and anteaters)
reduction and simplification of dentition, share extra articulations on lumbar vertebrae, increased rigidity of axial skeleton, limbs modified for digging or climbing
what kind of mammals are cingulata
armadillos
what characteristics define cingulata (armadillos)
jointed armor, elongate skull and mandible slim, teeth are homodont, powerfully built limbs, large and heavy claws on forefeet and hindfeet
what kind of mammals are pilosa
sloths and anteaters
what are the defining characteristics of the 2 main groups of pilosa (sloths and anteaters)
anteaters: long and conical skull, no teeth, dentary bone long and delicate, jaw muscles reduced, greatly developed tongue muscles
sloths: suspensorial, short tail, body covered with coarse hair, short skull, zygomatic arch incomplete, foregut fermentation, cylindrical teeth without enamel
what are the characteristics of afrosoricida (tenrecs and golden moles)
conical skull, auditory bulla present, malleus greatly enlarged, highly fossorial lifestyle, powerful forelimbs
what other mammal orders are afrotheria convergent with
moles
what are the characteristics of macroscelidea (elephant shrews)
feed on a wide variety of invertebrates, territorial and may maintain intricate trail system
why are macroscelidea called elephant shrews
they get this name from their nose
what are the characteristics of tubulidentata (aardvarks)
elongate skull, dentary bone long and slender, adults lack incisors and canines, rootless teeth, slender and protrusible tongue, powerful digger
to what ecological niche are tublidentata (aardvarks) adapted
adapted for feeding on colonial insects
what are the two possible phylogenies of the orders in paenungulata
sirenia and hyracoidea
what are the characteristics of proboscidea (elephants)
highly social, capable of communicating using infrasound over long distances, enlarged skull, reduced neck, large ears, long trunk, incisors become tusk like, they walk around on their toes with a dense heel pad
what are the characteristics of hyracoidea (hyraxes)
deep mandible, incisors never stop growing, mesaxonic feet, four toes on forefeet, three toes on hind feet
what are the characteristics of sirenia (dugongs, manatees, sea cows)
completely aquatic herbivores, slow moving grazers, large, nearly hairless with thick skin, deep dentary, massive middle ear bones
to what ecological niche are sirenia adapted
