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Mammalogy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are zoogeographic realms

A

a part of earth that has a species found in only that area

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2
Q

which realm has the most mammal families

A

afrotropic

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3
Q

which realm has the most endemic (in one area) mammal families

A

neotropic

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4
Q

which realm has no endemic mammal families

A

palearctic

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5
Q

which realm has no terrestrial mammal families

A

antarctic

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6
Q

what are the morphological features shared among monotremata (spiny anteaters, platypus)

A

-beak like rostrum
-adults are toothless
-lacrimal (bone in eye socket) and frontal bones absent
-no auditory bulla

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7
Q

what are the morphological features of echidna (spiny anteater)

A

-rostrum slender and beak like
-long protrusible tongue
-thick body, short spines

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8
Q

what are the morphological features of platypus

A

-fur grows straight out of skin at right angles to the surface
-dense, velvet fur and woolly underfur
-eye and ear openings covered by skin when submerged
-webbed feet

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9
Q

what are the morphological features shared among monotremes

A

-syndactylous or nonsyndactylous feet
-polyprotodont or diprotodont
-epipubic bones
-holes in the palate (palatal vacuities)

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10
Q

which australian marsupial order is non-syndactylous (two digits not fused) and polyprotodont (4+ upper teeth)

A

dasyuromorphia (carnivores), notoryctemorphia (itjarijaris)

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11
Q

which australian marsupial order is syndactylous (two digits fused) and diprotodont (two front teeth)

A

diprotodontia (wombats, koalas, possums, gliders, kangaroos)

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12
Q

which australian marsupial order is syndactylous (two digits fused) and polyprotodont (4+ upper teeth)

A

peramelemorphia (bandicoots and bilbies)

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13
Q

what are the 3 orders of south american metatherians

A

-didelphimorphia (opossums)
-paucituberculata (rat opossums)
-microbiotheria

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14
Q

what are the traits of the order didelphimorphia (opossums)

A

-tail usually prehensile
-braincase long and narrow
-prominent sagittal crest (bone that runs along top of head)

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15
Q

what are the morphological features of dasyuromorphia (carnivores)

A

-small pointed or blade like incisors
-large canines with sharp edge
-sharp molars for insectivorous and carnivorous diet
-diverse in habitat and body size

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16
Q

what are the morphological features of notoryctemorphia (marsupial mole, itjarijaris)

A

-eyes do not work (vestigial and lensless)
-ears lack outside part (pinnae)
-dry and hard skin on nose
-enlarged claws for digging
-marsupium (pouch) opens posteriorly

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17
Q

what are the morphological features of peramelemorphia (bandicoots, bilbies)

A

-marsupium opens to rear
-syndactylous, polyprotodont
-slender rostrum
-hindfeet modified for running

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18
Q

what are the morphological features of diprotodontia (wombats, koalas, possums, gliders, kangaroos)

A

-syndactyly and dirptodonty

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19
Q

what are the unique traits of phascolarctidae (koala)

A

-specialized arboreal herbivore
-fairly sedentary (chill vibes)

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20
Q

what are the unique traits of macropodidae (kangaroos, wallabies)

A

-marsupium opens anteriorly
-highly specialized for hopping/jumping
-hindlimbs are especially elongate, digits 2 and 3 are small and syndactylous

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21
Q

which 2 clades make up the boreoeutheria

A

afrotheria and xenarthra

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22
Q

what are the four hypotheses that explain how the major eutherian clades are related

A

-exafroplacentalia
-epitheria
-atlantogenata
-trichotomy

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23
Q

what are the differences between metatherians and eutherians

A

-metatherians are less diverse
-metatherians are more conservative morphologically
-metatherians are small
-metatherians are not highly social

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24
Q

what are the unique morphological features of the 4 families of eulipotyphla (shrews, moles, hedgehogs)

A

-small animals with long narrow pointed/mobile snouts
-feed on invertebrates, insects/earthworms, vegetable matter

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25
Q

who are the members of feliformia

A

-cats
-civets/genets
-falanouc/fossa/Malagasy mongooses
-African palm civet
-mongooses
-hyenas, aardwolf

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26
Q

who are the members of caniformia

A

-wolves/foxes/jackals
-bears/giant pandas
-walrus
-eared seals/fur seals/sea lions
-earless seals
-weasels/badgers/otters
-skunks/stink badgers
-raccoons/ringtails/coatis
-red pandas

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27
Q

what are the general morphological features of extant carnivores

A

-large braincase
-large sagittal crest (bone on top of head) and zygomatic arch (cheek bone)
-all teeth are rotted
-large auditory bullae
-carnassial teeth (modified molars)
-walk on toes
-claws
-long limbs with no clavicle
-spotted/striped fur

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28
Q

what are the unique morphological features of phocidae, odobenidae, and otariidae (seals)

A

phocidae- earless seal, body insulated with blubber, external genitalia and nipples below body surface, torpedo shaped body
odobenidae- flipper like limbs, external ears small or absent, limbs only protrude from body at elbow/knee, rudimentary tail
otariidae- highly advanced ability to swim/dive, feet and hands fully webbed, cheek teeth are all the same, overlapped bone in skull

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29
Q

what are the general morphological features of manidae (pangolins)

A

-elongated skull
-no teeth
-scales made of keratin
-hands and feet have long curved claws
-diet of termites and ants
-tongue long and worm like

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30
Q

what part of the bat wing is plagiopatagium

A

area from the body to the 5th digit

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31
Q

what part of the bat wing is chiropatagium

A

between the 5th digit and wing tip

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32
Q

what part of the bat wing is propatagium

A

shoulder to the wrist

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33
Q

what part of the bat wing is uropatagium

A

between legs

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34
Q

in what way are bat flight and breathing related

A

wing beats must be coordinated with breathing

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35
Q

what is the function of a cambered asymmetrical wing profile in a bat

A

unequal pressures above and below wing generate lift

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36
Q

what is the angle of attack for a bat

A

angle of leading edge above horizontal

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37
Q

how is the camber of the wing controlled in a bat

A

muscles control the curvature of the wing in flight

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38
Q

what is the function of the shoulder lock in a bat

A
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39
Q

which muscles produce the upstroke and downstroke in a bat and how is this different from a bird

A

downstroke- subscapularis, serratus ventralis thoracis, pectoralis
upstroke- deltoideus and trapezuis groups, supraspinatus and infraspinatus
in birds, the superacoracoideus raises wing, pectoralis lowers it

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40
Q

what is the function mechanism of automatic flexion and extension of the wrist in a bat

A

tends to flex the fingers or extend the fingers

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41
Q

what kind of wing loading and aspect ratio do bats have

A

low wing loading and low aspect ration wings

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42
Q

how do some bats hover

A

downstroke is oriented forward and upstroke is directed backwards

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43
Q

what are the anatomical structures associated with sound production and reception in bats

A

larynx

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44
Q

what happens in the bat middle ear when a vocalization is produced

A

the bat hears the echoes that are returned and compares time between when signal was sent and returned and the shift in frequency

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45
Q

what are the 2 parts of the bat premaxilla

A
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46
Q

how does the premaxilla vary among bat families

A

-lacks palatal branches
-tiny and threadlike
-nasal branches free

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47
Q

what are the three living families of perissodactyls

A

equidae (horses and zebras), tapiridae (tapirs), and rhinocerotidae (rhinos)

48
Q

which perissodactyl family has a primarily neotropical distribution

A

tapiridae

49
Q

which perissodactyl family has a prehensile nose

A

tapirs

50
Q

which perissodactyl family has horns and what are they made of

A

rhinos, keratin

51
Q

which mammals are included in the order cetartiodactyla

A

hogs, pigs, peccaries, hippos, camels, llamas, alpacas, llamas, mouse deer, chevrotain, musk deer, deer, pronghorn, giraffe, okapi, antelope, bison, cattle, duikers, goats, sheep

52
Q

who are the members of camelidamorpha

A

camels, alpacas, llamas

53
Q

who are the members of suinamorpha

A

pigs and peccaries

54
Q

who are the members of ruminantia

A

the ruminants (majority of modern artiodactyl species

55
Q

how do the feet of the family camelidae (camels/llamas) differ from the typical artiodactyl

A

the third and fourth metapodials have become fused to create the cannon bone

56
Q

which families of artiodactyla have lost their upper incisors

A

bovidae, cervidae, and giraffidae

57
Q

what adaptations do ruminantia have for their herbivorous diet

A

multichambered stomachs and foregut fermentation (rumen)

58
Q

what are the basic characteristics of the family hippopotamidae

A

huge head, short limbs, big body

59
Q

what is baleen

A

keratin plates used for straining food from seawater

60
Q

what are the three (4) types of feeding strategies of the suborder mysticeti (baleen whales)

A

-grazing near surface
-lunge feeding
-bubble nets
-ploughing

61
Q

what are odontocetes

A

toothed whales, porpoises, dolphins

62
Q

what is the function of the melon/junk/spermaceti organ

A

lipids that act as a sort of phonic lens

63
Q

what is the function of the phonic lips

A

produce clicks

64
Q

how are cetaceans able to produce sounds and hear the reflected sound at the same time

A
65
Q

what is a telescoped skull

A

a pointed skull, almost beak like

66
Q

what kind of teeth do cetaceans have

A

homodont

67
Q

where are the nares (nostrils) located

A

posterior

68
Q

which orders make up the euarchonta

A

dermoptera, scandentia, primates, lagomorpha, rodentia

69
Q

which orders make up the glires

A

lagomorpha and rodentia

70
Q

what kind of locomotion defines members of the family cynocephalidae (colugos)

A

can glide over 100 meters, unable to stand upright, crepuscular

71
Q

what are the unique characteristics of the skull of members of the order scandentia (tree shrews)

A

upper incisors are caniniform, lower incisors form a tooth comb, prominent hole in zygomatic arch

72
Q

what are the basic primate characteristics

A

grasping hands and feet, generalized skeleton, enlarged orbits and orbital convergence, reliance on vision over olfaction, enlarged brain, quadrate molars

72
Q

what are the anatomical traits associated with tarsiiformes (tarsiidae)

A

large forward facing eyes
digits with disk like pads
tibia and fibula fused
long ankle bones (calcaneum and navicular)

73
Q

what kind of primates are in the group platyrrhini

A

marmosets, tamarins, capuchins, squirrel monkeys, night monkeys, titi, uakari, and saki monkeys, howler, spider, and woolly monkeys

74
Q

what are the defining traits of the group platyrrhini (tamarins, squirrel/spider/howler/night monkeys)

A

broad flat nostrils
three premolar teeth
no bony ear tube

75
Q

what are the two subfamilies of cercopithecidae and what are the traits of each

A

cercopithecinae- omnivore, cheek pouches, simple stomach
colobinae- folivorous, no cheek pouch, complex stomach

76
Q

what are the primates of hylobatidae

A

gibbons and siamangs

77
Q

what are the defining traits of hylobatidae (gibbons)

A

no cheek or tail pouch, highly vocal, long forelimbs

78
Q

what are the primates in hominidae

A

humans, chimps, gorillas, orangutans

79
Q

what are the defining traits of hominidae (humans, gorillas)

A

large canines, forelimbs longer than hindlimbs, well developed social systems

80
Q

describe the incisors and skull fenestration of lagomorphs (hares, pikas, and rabbits)

A

2 upper incisors- the middle pair are large, the outside pair are small, peg like, and offset
skull is arched in profile

81
Q

how do the upper and lower tooth rows of lagomorpha interact with each other

A
82
Q

describe rodent incisors

A

one pair of upper and lower incisors, each tooth is enlarged, sharply beveled, and always growing

83
Q

protrogomorphous

A

the ancestral condition, only found in mountain beavers, small infraorbital foramen

84
Q

sciuromorphous

A

front of the zygomatic arch is developed into a large zygomatic plate

85
Q

myomorphous

A

zygomatic plate with anterior shift of the lateral masseter, enlarged infraorbital foramen

86
Q

hystricomorphous

A

greatly enlarged infraorbital foramen

87
Q

sciurognathous and hystricognathous

A

defined by position of angular process on dentary

88
Q

sciuromorpha suborder

A

mountain beaver, tree squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, dormice

89
Q

castorimorpha suborder

A

beavers, gophers, kangaroo rats

90
Q

myomorpha suborder

A

jerboas, birch mice, tree mice, zokors, bamboo rats, blind mole rats, african root rats, calomyscus, gerbils

91
Q

what are the two largest families of mammals

A

creicetidae and muridae

92
Q

anomaluromorpha suborder

A

scaly-tailed squirrels and springhare

93
Q

hystricomorpha suborder

A

comb rats, kha-nyou, cane rats, dassie rats, pacaranas, tuco-tucos, chinchilla rats, pacas, degus, hutias, mole rats, old world porcupines, chinchillas, guinea pigs, maras, capybaras, agoutis, spiny rats, nutrias

94
Q

why are some members of heteromyidae called kangaroo rats

A

they jump in the same way that a kangaroo does, balancing on their tail to hop

95
Q

what other rodent family is dipodidae convergent with

A
96
Q

why are some geomyidae called pocket gophers

A
97
Q

what is the defining trait of hystricidae (old world porcupines)

A

large quills, very sharp

98
Q

what is the defining trait of erethizontidae (new world porcupines)

A

smaller, more arrboreal

99
Q

what other rodent is erethizontidae convergent with

A
100
Q

defining characteristics of xenarthrans (armadillos, sloths, and anteaters)

A

reduction and simplification of dentition, share extra articulations on lumbar vertebrae, increased rigidity of axial skeleton, limbs modified for digging or climbing

101
Q

what kind of mammals are cingulata

A

armadillos

102
Q

what characteristics define cingulata (armadillos)

A

jointed armor, elongate skull and mandible slim, teeth are homodont, powerfully built limbs, large and heavy claws on forefeet and hindfeet

103
Q

what kind of mammals are pilosa

A

sloths and anteaters

104
Q

what are the defining characteristics of the 2 main groups of pilosa (sloths and anteaters)

A

anteaters: long and conical skull, no teeth, dentary bone long and delicate, jaw muscles reduced, greatly developed tongue muscles

sloths: suspensorial, short tail, body covered with coarse hair, short skull, zygomatic arch incomplete, foregut fermentation, cylindrical teeth without enamel

105
Q

what are the characteristics of afrosoricida (tenrecs and golden moles)

A

conical skull, auditory bulla present, malleus greatly enlarged, highly fossorial lifestyle, powerful forelimbs

106
Q

what other mammal orders are afrotheria convergent with

A

moles

107
Q

what are the characteristics of macroscelidea (elephant shrews)

A

feed on a wide variety of invertebrates, territorial and may maintain intricate trail system

108
Q

why are macroscelidea called elephant shrews

A

they get this name from their nose

109
Q

what are the characteristics of tubulidentata (aardvarks)

A

elongate skull, dentary bone long and slender, adults lack incisors and canines, rootless teeth, slender and protrusible tongue, powerful digger

110
Q

to what ecological niche are tublidentata (aardvarks) adapted

A

adapted for feeding on colonial insects

111
Q

what are the two possible phylogenies of the orders in paenungulata

A

sirenia and hyracoidea

112
Q

what are the characteristics of proboscidea (elephants)

A

highly social, capable of communicating using infrasound over long distances, enlarged skull, reduced neck, large ears, long trunk, incisors become tusk like, they walk around on their toes with a dense heel pad

113
Q

what are the characteristics of hyracoidea (hyraxes)

A

deep mandible, incisors never stop growing, mesaxonic feet, four toes on forefeet, three toes on hind feet

114
Q

what are the characteristics of sirenia (dugongs, manatees, sea cows)

A

completely aquatic herbivores, slow moving grazers, large, nearly hairless with thick skin, deep dentary, massive middle ear bones

115
Q

to what ecological niche are sirenia adapted

A

Mammalogy (3 decks)

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