Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the features of living organisms? (6)
- Possess chemical complexity & microscopic organization.
- Ability to extract, transform, and use energy from the environment.
- Defined functinos for each biological component and regulation of interactions between components.
- Ability to sense and respond to the environment.
- Ability to self replicate.
- As a species, ability to evolve and adapt to environment.
What are the three domains of life?
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
Which two groups are single cell organisms without a nuclear membrane?
- Bacteria
- Archaea
What domain has cells with a nuclear membrane?
- Eukarya
What species are classified as bacteria? (6)
- Thermotogales
- Flavobacteria
- Cyanobacteria*
- Proteobacteria (Purple bacteria)*
- Gram-positive bacteria*
- Green nonsulfur bacteria
*same ancestor
What species are classified as Archaea? (7)
- Pyrodictium*
- Thermoproteus*
- Thermoproteus
- Thermococcus
- Methanococcus
- Methanobacterium
- Methanosarcina
- Halophiles
*same ancestor
What is the size of Prokaryotic cells?
1-10 μm
What type of microorganisms are single-celled?
- Bacteria
- Archaea
What are flagella used for?
Mobility
What are pili for?
Adhesion
What is the cell envelope?
plasma memberane and the layers surrounding the plasma membrane
- Outerlayers differ for different organisms
- Can be foremed from membranes and peptidoglycans
What is the cytoplasm?
- the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell
- enclosed by the plasma membrane
What is the cytosol?
- aqueous solution containing biomolecules
What is the nucleoid?
area containing genetic material without a membrane
What is the cytoskeleton made of? What does it do?
- Made of protein
- Provides structure and organization to cytoplasm is dynamic
How many ribosomes does a bacterial cell have?
roughly 15,000 ribosomes
What is the size of a bacterial cell?
roughly 2 μm long x 1 μm diameter
How big is a eukaryotic cell?
5-100 μm
What groups are multicellular and classified as multicellular?
- Protists
- Fungi
- Plants
- Animals
What is the outer membrane?
a dynamic structure of lipids and proteins
*of a eukaryotic cell
What is the nucleus?
an area containing the genetic material enclosed by the membrane
What are ribosomes?
Protein-synthesizing machines
What do Peroxisomes do?
Oxidize fatty acids
What do Lysosomes do?
degrade intracellular debris
What do transport vesicles do?
Shuttle lipids and proteins between the ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane
What does the Golgi Complex do?
Processes, packages, and targets proteins to other organelles or for export.
What occurs at the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? (SER)
lipid synthesis and drug metabolism
What does the nucleus contain?
genes (chromatin)
What occurs in the Nucleolus?
site of Ribosomal RNA synthesis
What occurs in the Rough ER?
protein synthesis
What does the mitochondrion do?
oxidize fuels to produce ATP
What do Chloroplasts do?
Harvest sunlight, produces ATP and carbs.
What do Starch Granules do?
temporarily store carbohydrate products of photosynthesis
What are Thylakoids?
the site of light-driven ATP synthesis
What does the cell wall do?
- provides shape and rigidity
- protects the cell from osmotic swelling
What does the vacuole do?
- degrades and recycles macromolecules
- stores metabolites
What does the plasmodesma do?
provides path between two plant cells
What does the Glyoxysome contain?
enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle
