Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCDB 310 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biochemistry

A

The study of the molecules that function in very specialized ways to sustain life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is Carbon found in a cell

A

Glucose, Protein, DNA, Fat,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Four most abundant elements in cells

A

Carbon (60%), Hydrogen (11%), Nitrogen (9%), Oxygen (6%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Biomolecules

A

Organic molecules, including nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins and lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Order of organization in cells

A

the cell and its organelles, supramolecular complexes, macromolecules, monomeric units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Carbohydrates composed of

A

Polysaccharides contain disaccharides contain monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lipids composed of

A

Triglycerides composed of fatty acids and glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Proteins composed of

A

Peptides composed of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nucleic Acids include

A

RNA and DNA composed of nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

High-Energy Compounds include

A

ATP composed of nucleotide and phosphate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Organic compounds

A

Molecules with covalently bonded carbon backbones (linear, branched or cyclic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Carbon has

A

-4 unpaired electrons (up to 4 different atomic partners)
-can form single bonds with hydrogen
-can form single and double bonds with oxygen and nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What determines a biomolecules chemical properties?

A

Functional Group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules that share the same chemical formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Two isomers with the same order of bonds but different spacial arrangements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can stereoisomers differ

A

Configuration or conformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Configuration

A

Different spatial arragements can only be achieved by breaking and making of bonds (disFIGURE requires breaking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Conformation

A

Free rotation around a single bond- same molecule can assume many different spacial arrangements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cis-Trans Stereoisomers (geometric stereoisomers)

A

Arise in presence of C=C (carbon-carbon double bonds)
-same structural formula and order of bonds
-different spatial arrangement of atoms/functional groups
-similar groups on same side of double bond axis - cis
-similar groups on opposite sides of double bond axis - trans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the basis of our vision

A

Rapid change in cis-trans configuration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Configurational Stereoisomers

A

Enantiomers & Diastereomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When do configurational stereoisomers arise

A

In presence of tetrasubstituted, chiral carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Enantiomers

A

Chiral molecule, same structural formula, same order of bonds, different spatial arrangement, enantiomers are mirror images of each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Diastereomers

A

more than 1 chiral center, not mirror images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Conformational Isomers

A

Related to one other by free rotation around a single bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the combination of configuration and conformation dictate

A

Biochemical interactions

27
Q

What do biochemical interactions give rise to

A

Structure of biomolecules

28
Q

What does the structure of biomolecules give rise to

A

Biological activities

29
Q

Why is conformation and configuration important

A

Sterochemical ‘fit’ of biomolecules with one another underlies most biochemical interactions and biochemical reactions

30
Q

Group transfer reactions

A

Transfer of an eectrophilic group A from one nucleophile X to the other Y

31
Q

Nucleophile

A

Atom or functional group with a pari of electrons that can be shared

32
Q

Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

A

Involves the loss and gain of electrons

33
Q

Oxidation is

A

Loss of electrons

34
Q

Reduction is

A

Gain of electrons

35
Q

Thermodynamics

A

the study of heat and energy exchanges between a ‘system’ and its surroundings

36
Q

For a reaction to occur spontaneously ∆G must be

A

∆G >0

37
Q

Entropy

A

the measure of disorder, more disorder, the increase in entropy

38
Q

Gibbs Free Energy

A

∆G=∆H-T∆S

39
Q

Kinetics

A

The study of reaction rates and depends on the activation energy barrier and is independent of ∆G

40
Q

Properties of water

A

-bent molecule; tetrahedral geometry
-hydrogen partially positively charged
-oxygen partially negatively charged

41
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Electrostatic interaction between the oxygen of one water molecule and the hydrogen of another water molecule

42
Q

How many hydrogen bonds can form with 1 water molecule

A

4 because of the tetrahedral structure

43
Q

What atoms can serve as H-bond donors and acceptors

A

Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, Chlorine, and Flourine

44
Q

When are hydrogen bonds strongest?

A

When electrostatic interactions are maximized

45
Q

Solubility

A

Ability of a solvent to interact more strongly with solute particles than the solute particles interact with each other

46
Q

Ionic interaction

A

Forces between charged molecules

47
Q

How does water dissolve compounds

A

By replacining ionic bonds with solute-water hydrogen bonds

48
Q

Van der Waals

A

Attractive forces between small electric dipoles induced on uncharged atoms

49
Q

Amphipathic Compounds

A

Contain both polar-uncharged/ionic (hydrophilic) and non-polar (hydrophobic) regions (e.g. in biology: lipids)

50
Q

Micelles

A

All hydrophobic groups are sequestered from water; ordered shell of H2O molecules is minimized, and entropy is further increased

51
Q

Acids

A

Proton donors e.g. HCl, H2SO4

52
Q

Bases

A

Proton acceptors e.g. NaOH, KOH, NH3

53
Q

Buffer

A

An aqueous solution that tends to resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added

54
Q

Primary Protein Structure

A

sequence, proteins are built from a linear “string of amino acids”

55
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

Alpha helix, beta sheet

56
Q

Tertiary Protein Structure

A

Motifs, folds and domains

57
Q

Quaternary

A

Assembly of multiple polypeptides

58
Q

Peptides

A

Small amino acid chains including hormones and pheromones, neuropeptides, antibiotics, and toxins

59
Q

Proteins

A

large chains of amino acids that are needed for catalysis, nutrient transport, structure and motility

60
Q

Nonpolar, aliphatic group

A

Cannot make hydrogen bonds or have ionic interactions

61
Q

Aromatic group

A

Can absorb UV light at 270-280nm

62
Q

Positively charged group

A

higher pKa

63
Q

What amino acids are ionizable

A

Aspartate, glutamate, lysine, arginine, histidine

64
Q
A

MCDB 310 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions