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Anat, phys, patho > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Physiology

A

Study of all life processes that make life happen

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2
Q

Anatomy

A

Structure, and form fits function, structure specialized for task

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3
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

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4
Q

Internal environment

A

Everything under the skin

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5
Q

How many cell do we have/how many are RBC’s

A

35 trillion/25 trillion

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6
Q

How to we maintain homeostasis?

A

Body has sensors to notice changing condition, when condition is not normal, body will respond and controller will acto on problem

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7
Q

What 4 things do cells need to function?

A

Oxygen
Sugar
Fats
Chemicals(pH buffers)

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8
Q

Explain Anesthesia’s relation to homeostasis

A

Sensors and Response are impaired by anesthesia, clintian must be what keeps homeostasis

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9
Q

Input is food, what is output?

A

Energy is output
including work, heat, potential energy, and waste products like CO2, H, Solid waste, H20, Urea, Heat

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10
Q

What do we call the cell enviornment

A

Extracellular fluid(surrounds cells)

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11
Q

Explain Homeostasis peripheral circulatory bed example

A

Cells burn through oxygen and glucose in the ECF
Blood flow in artery is increased because of this increased metabolism/depletion of oxygen and glucose
Blood flow remains increased until environment returns to normal

Venous side
increased metabolism will increase the byproducts
venule will increase flow to remove these byproducts

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12
Q

Simple Kidney Homeostasis job

A

Buffer pH and maintain BP

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13
Q

Simple GI homeostasis

A

Replace nutrients in blood as they’re consumed

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14
Q

Simple Lung homeostasis job

A

Regulate blood gas

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15
Q

Simple 2 Heart Homeostasis

A

Lungs supplied with blood for gas exchange
Body is supplied with oxygen/proper nutrients

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16
Q

Simple Liver Homeostasis

A

Peroxisomes in liver break down toxins (alcohol)

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17
Q

Negative feedback definition

A

+/- changes are sensed and body reacts to oppose or counteract the change
change is negative to stimuli

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18
Q

Increased CO2 response

A

increase in ventilation

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19
Q

Decreased BP response

A

Sympathetic nervous system up-increase vasopressin
Parasympathetic nervous system decreases
AVP/ADH would go up
ANP would go down

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20
Q

What is Positive Feedback

A

stimuli causes change and body responds to amplify this change until a checkpoint or safety valve

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21
Q

Vicious Cycle

A

pathologic positive feedback resulting in harm or death

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22
Q

Oxytocin as positive feedback

A

Uterus contracts to push fetus to cervix
Cervix exposed to pressure/stretches
oxytocin released from cervical stretch causing uterus to contract
Ending checkpoint is birth

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23
Q

Physiologic blood clotting cascade/platelet plug formation

A

Vessel is injured liberating coagulation factors and platelet formation
coagulation speeds up as time passes until coagulation factors are covered up
checkpoint is stopping of bleeding

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24
Q

Pathologic Positive feedback

A

feedback loops where system has failed

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25
Q

Severe hemorrhage feedback loop

A

BP decreases
Decreases coronary blood flow which decreases CO thus, decreasing BP further

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26
Q

Sepsis feedback loop

A

Cells die faster than body can manage and release byproducts into environment which are toxic to other cells, causing more cell death and more byproducts

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27
Q

Severe Acidosis feedback

A

CNS affected decreasing the respiratory drive increasing co2 and become more acidodic

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28
Q

Diabetic renal inflammation/hyperfiltration feedback

A

Body starts with one million nephrons and they slowly die
As nephrons die, remaining nephrons have more load and are more likely to die eventually leading to renal failure

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29
Q

Atherosclerotic Plaque Clotting feedback

A

Plaque builds on artery, when plaque breaks open it releases clotting factors forming a clot further blocking artery

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30
Q

Compensated Shock example

A

Tolerable because vessels tighten up, heart pumps harder, and fluid shifts into intravascular space, BP will return to normal in a couple hours(20% blood loss)

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31
Q

Decompensated Shock

A

negative feedback loop is insufficient and BP will not be maintained leading to positive feedback/vicious cycle
(40% blood loss)
S

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32
Q

Cells are smallest living unit go up in size

A

Cells have specific task
tissues are cells with same task
organs are collection of tissues
Body environment maintained by organs

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33
Q

Skin and lung cell specialization

A

skin is barrier and lungs are thin to promote gas exchange

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34
Q

What is a progenitor cell

A

progenitor cells produce cells that cant replicate (b/c lack nucleus)

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35
Q

Slow dividing cell examples

A

Neurons
Cardiac cells

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36
Q

Cell needle order

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm
nuclear membrane
nucleoplasm
nucleolus

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37
Q

Cell membrane characteristics

A

Phospholipid bilayer
charged head facing out/inward with uncharged lipid tails
make most of cell barrier

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38
Q

Cytoplasm Characteristics

A

chemistry of cytoplasm and reactions keep cell alive

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39
Q

Nucleus Characteristics

A

DNA here and is secure through double phospholipid bilayer
Some things can cross nuclear walls such as RNA and steroids
wrong thing crossing could cause cancer

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40
Q

Cell composition (except adipose)

A

70-85% water

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41
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Extension of nuclear wall, compartment of cell
Proteins and Fats are produced here
Calcium is stored in ER

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42
Q

Rough ER

A

AKA Granular ER
For protein synthesis and ribosomes are what makes these proteins take RNA and produce proteins

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43
Q

Smooth ER

A

No ribosomes and lipid formation happens here

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44
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Post translation(protein synthesis) process take place here
modify proteins then are sent through secretory vesicles or into cytoplasm

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45
Q

Transport vesicles

A

protein move through cell in these

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46
Q

Secretory vesicle

A

protein moves through cell to cell wall to dump out in these

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47
Q

Where does translation happen

A

Ribosomes of the rough ER

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48
Q

How do charges molecules get across cell wall?

A

Proteins on the surface of cells can be transporters through cell wall

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49
Q

Protein production steps and locations

A

Nucleus has DNA
DNA is transcribed to RNA
RNA travels to ribosomes for translation
Translation happens in ribosomes in rough ER
amino acids linked to form proteins and either are packaged or sent to golgi for modification

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50
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

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51
Q

Explain Translation

A

Ribosome attaches to mRNA and amino acids are formed with transfer RNA to create chains and folds and task will be determined by shape

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52
Q

Water in the Cell

A

Cells are 70-85%
water
fat cells are not
acid/base and electrolytes need water in cell

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53
Q

Electrolytes in cells

A

proton/electrolyte concentrations must be kept constant

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54
Q

Organelles of the cell

A

Parts of cell with specific tasks

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55
Q

Mitochondria

A

produce ATP from energy compounds and oxygen

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56
Q

Lysosome

A

Digestion organelle
acidic space to destroy old proteins
amino acids are pulled apart and used for new protein synth

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57
Q

Peroxisome

A

Destroyer of thing in the cell
processes toxins
Liver has many of these
oxidative stress destroys things through oxidation reactions
ethanol is broken down through this

58
Q

Enzyme

A

Catalyzes ractions
Usually a protein that ends in “ASE”
speeds up chemical reaction
ATPase for muscle contraction

59
Q

Structural components of the cell

A

Filaments (proteins) prop open and give shape to cell

60
Q

Sugars many uses

A

Float in cytoplasm and used for energy
Carbohydrate chains used for ID of self or not self
Glycoproteins can anchor to neighbor
Stick and used for adherence but can cause issues if there is too much

61
Q

How much water is in the cytoplasm?

A

70-85%
except for adipose

62
Q

Why are cell conditions kepto constant?

A

Cell is most efficient at constant, stable state, more glucose etc with inefficient metabolism

63
Q

What are the 5 organelles in the lecture?

A

Mitochondria
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum

64
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produce ATP from energy compounds and oxygen

65
Q

Lysosome Function

A

Digestion Organelle
Uses acid space to get destroy old proteins
resulting in amino acids that can be reused

66
Q

Peroxisome

A

Destroys things in the cell
Processes Toxins and many are found in the liver
Uses Oxidative stress to break toxins down(incl. ethanol)

67
Q

Golgi Apparatus Function

A

Modifies proteins

68
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum Funciton

A

Smooth–fat synthesis
rough-protein synth
an extension of nuclear envelope

69
Q

What are enzymes for?

A

catalyze reactions
protein that end in “ase”
speeds up reaction

70
Q

Filaments and Membrane Proteins function in cell

A

filaments give shape and proteins can help crossing membrane

71
Q

What are cells uses for sugar?

A

Used for ATP through glycolysis
Identification tag coming off of membrane
Can be used for adherence but too much can cause issues
Negative charge so can repel proteins
Glyco-
Carboxy-
Carb-
all names for sugars

72
Q

What do the proteins inside the cell mean for the cell?

A

proteins inside cell give function and genes inside will indicate what protein

73
Q

What are the “fats” (lipids) of the cell for?

A

phospholibid bilayer of membrane
Cholesterol has functions(lipid soluble)

74
Q

What are the motility structures of the cell/what do they do

A

Cilia–projections that come out of cell to move fluid/mucous
Flagella–projections that move the actual cell

75
Q

Where is the genetic material of the cell?

A

In DNA in nucleus and then RNA will generate proteins/fats
MItochondrial DNA is outside nucleus
12-20 different sets of mitochondrial DNA
Genetic testing can be done through this

76
Q

Secretory Granules

A

Vesicles=Granule
dump stuff from cell to space around cell

77
Q

Membrane components

A

Receptors as on/off switches
channels
storage

78
Q

ICF

A

intracellular fluid

79
Q

Hydrophilic v hydrophobic

A

Hydrophilic-Charged and like water
NA/K/Cl
NaCl dissolves in water so good to have these

Hydrophobic- uncharged and keeps water away/likes itself
oils

80
Q

Soluble V Insoluble

A

Soluble
ions
proteins(some)
carbs
gasses
buffers
some drugs

Insoluble
Cholesterol
Steroid hormones
Lipids
drugs(oily ones/ones like propofol coated in lipids)

81
Q

Total water composition of the body

A

Water is 60% of the mass of the body
2/3 of that is in ICF
1/3 in ECF
of the ECF
1/4-1/5 is in plasma (inside CV system excluding blood cells)
3/4-4/5 is in interstitial fluid

82
Q

Explain steady state

A

Steady state is the constant levels we keep our body at contributing to homeostasis. This is not equilibrium

83
Q

Plasma v Interstitial comparison

A

Little difference because capillary membrane is porous
Biggest difference is protein concentration high in plasma low in interstitial. This is because proteins made in CV system need to stay

84
Q

Conditions inside of the cell

A

ICF

85
Q

Na+

A

predominant cation in the ECF
ECF concentration 140-142

ICF concentration 14
know it is 10x in the ECF

greatest influence of osmolarity
2x Na value

86
Q

K+

A

ECF concentration 4mEq/L

ICF concentration 30x ECF
120-126

used in the electrical system of the heart
stays in ICF

87
Q

Ca++

A

Little to no calcium freely in cell
calcium is on switch especially for neurons and muscle contraction

10,000 to one ECF to ICF

88
Q

Mag+

A

Used as cofactor inside cell
much Higher inside cell than outside

89
Q

Cl-

A

Main anion in ECF

much higher in ECF than ICF

90
Q

HCO3-

A

Bicarb is primary buffer of ECF

managed by the kidney

more in ECF than ICF

91
Q

Phosphate

A

Additional buffer mainly the intracellular buffer
higher concentration in ICF than ECF

can store energy with attaching/detaching to ATP
adenosine can leave cell but ATP is adenosine and 3 phosphates and cant leave celll

92
Q

Amino acids

A

Body needs this for proteins

Mainly ICF because that is protein construction and protein breakdown

93
Q

Creatine

A

Inside of skeletal muscles
can be high energy storage compound
mainly ICF

Phosphocreatine burst before ATP is used

94
Q

Lactate

A

byproduct of metabolism
which happens inside cells
so higher ICF than ECF

95
Q

ATP

A

Energy storing molecule
adenosine triphosphate

adenosine will leave cell without phosphate(high energy demand) adenosine will open local blood vessels

96
Q

Glucose

A

Almost all in ECF because most cells don’t produce glucose
Delivered through ECF

97
Q

Protein

A

Plasma has 5x than interstitial
protein is distributed through ECF

highes in ICF

98
Q

Urea

A

equal across board and byproduct of metabolism

99
Q

Total Osmolarity of Body

A

predicted is about 300
Electrolytes may combine so dont act as individual compunds

biological osmolarity is 280-283
consistent among 3 compartments because water movement is uninhibited

100
Q

Total Osmotic Pressure

A

Osmolarity creates lots of pressure

5400 mmHg of pressure

ICP and Na neuroprotection are dependent on not changing these forces

101
Q

What is the glycocalyx

A

Glycocalyx is the arrangement of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the cell

102
Q

What is a precursor molecule

A

Molecule in cell wall that will be used/metabolized

non-polar molecules will sit in cell membrane and have polar part sticking out to “pull” out of cell membrane

103
Q

Orientation and reason of phospholipids

A

Phosphate head is polar and likes to be in contact with water and tails are nonpolar and avoid aqueous surroundings

104
Q

Cholesterol Characteristics

A

planar and rigid
lipid soluble
is stored in cell walls because whole structure is nonpolar except OH group
Corticosteroid precursor
will cause problems if too many cholesterol cells are in the cell wall

105
Q

% of cholesterol endogenously made

A

80

106
Q

Cholesterol synthesis starting molecule/what is an inhibitor

A

Acetyl-CoA/acetoacetyl-CoA
Statins

107
Q

6 Cholesterol Metabolites

A

Progesterone
Androstendione
Estrodiol
Testosterone
Adrenal Substances: Cortisol, Aldosterone

108
Q

Phosphatidylinositol

A

PI
smooth muscle contraction

109
Q

Phosphatidylserine

A

cytosolic
Serene group must face inward
Flipase is the enzyme that flips this membrane protein to have serene face inwards(must use energy). Outward facing could signal cell to go through apoptosis. energy depleted(diseased or not) cells will be killed because of this

110
Q

Phosphatidylcholine

A

PCh
storage for signal transduction

111
Q

Sphingomyelin

A

Makes myelin for nervous system

112
Q

What is the order of the prostaglandin pathway including enzymes

A

Arachidonic acid
cox1/2
PGG
cox1/2
PGI
specific enzyme makes
PGE

113
Q

Simple diffusion

A

movement down concentration gradient that is not mediated, either pore or something that can go through membrane
Example is Gasses/easy in/out
Could also be channel protein moving down concentration / charge gradient
Aquaporin

114
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusing down concentration gradient but uses protein that makes conformational change
Glut-4 is the protein
No energy used

115
Q

Active transport

A

Movement using energy to speed up or make possible the movement

116
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

ATP used to push
Na/K pump 2k in /3 na out
against concentration
Calcium pumps out of cell with ATP
H pumps

117
Q

Secondary Active transport

A

Using energy from gradients to get things across membrane
NCX
sodium calcium exchanger
3 sodium in/1Ca out
uses Na gradient to push Ca out of cell(against electrochemical and concentration gradient)
Na/glucose (SGLT)
Allows glucose to go into cell with Na, this is for speed since both are down gradient(used in kidney)

118
Q

Na/K pump result

A

3Na out/2K in / uses 1 ATP

119
Q

Na/K pump energy of body used

A

60-70%

120
Q

Na/K pump and water

A

The extra sodium pushed out is has an intracellular diuretic effect/without pump or sick cell, there is intracellular edema
aka cell diuretic

121
Q

Primary v Secondary active transport

A

primary uses ATP
secondary uses indirect energy of electrochemical gradients

122
Q

Na/Ca exchanger result

A

3Na in pushes 1 Ca out

123
Q

Rate of diffusion for facilitated v simple

A

simple is linear with concentration gradient/ facilitated will have a Vmax that is related to the speed of conformation change of protein

124
Q

Diffusion rate dependent on

A

electrochemical gradient and membrane permiability

size of particle
size of pore
number of pores
kinetic movement(heat will speed up diffusion)
physical pressure

125
Q

1mOsm of solute can push mercury

A

19.3mm up(mmHg)

126
Q

RMP as Vrm is set up by

A

Primarily by the Na/K pump

127
Q

Reasons the inside of cell is more negative

A

Na/K pump
proteins are negative in general and hang out by membrane
Cell is 10x more permeable to K than Na at rest

128
Q

Nernst potential

A

equilibrium potential
relates ion differences across cell
+/- 61 x log(in/out)
cation will use negative sign
anion will use positive sign

129
Q

glycocalyx

A

the arrangement of the protruding sugars that identify the cell

130
Q

Cell Polarization

A

difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of cell

131
Q

Depolarized

A

to become less polar: usually stimulated or turned on

132
Q

Hyperpolarized

A

to become more polar: usually inhibited and more negative charge/more difficult to excite

133
Q

Repolarization

A

return to Vm from a depolarized state

134
Q

Action Potential

A

propagation of electrical signal through the length of cell
depolarization and repolarization

135
Q

Voltage gated Na channel process

A

at rest: M gate is closed/H gate is open
at activation: M gate opens/H is open
Inactivation: H gate closes ms after M opens
reset M gate and H gate by repolarizing
will be able to participate once repolarized
M is outside gate/activation gate
H is inside gate/inactivation gate

136
Q

Site of action for -caine drugs

A

Na channels on ECF side

137
Q

Driving force depends on

A

concentration gradient
charge of ion(+/- or multiple)

138
Q

K channels in an action potential

A

Closed at rest/open during depolarization but slower than Na and remain open until hyperpolarization and close to return cell to Vrm

139
Q

Conductance

A

how much ion flow we have travelling across membrane

activation is high conductance/inactivation decreases to resting

140
Q
A

Anat, phys, patho (3 decks)

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