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Motivation & Emotion > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What is a paradigm?

A

A: A framework or structure that guides understanding.

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2
Q

Q: What is the behaviorism paradigm?

A

A: A framework or structure that asks questions about observable behaviors.

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3
Q

Q: What is the biopsychosocial model?

A

A: A model that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health and illness.

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4
Q

What is a need?

A

A: Something that supports life, growth, and well-being.

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5
Q

Q: What is the difference between psychology and sociology?

A

A: Psychology studies individuals while sociology studies groups

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6
Q

Q: What are emotions?

A

A: Affective feelings or responses.

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6
Q

Q: What are cognitions?

A

A: How one perceives something.

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7
Q

Q: What are some behavioral expressions of motivation?

A

A: Attention, effort, persistence, latency, intensity, facial expressions, bodily gestures, voice, self-report, voice inflection, and duration.

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8
Q

Q: Cardiovascular activity, plasma activity, hormonal activity, ocular activity, electrodermal activity, skeletal activity, and brain activity are what?

A

A: Physiological expressions of motivation

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9
Q

Q: What did the 1934 LaPiere Stanford study reveal?

A

A: It showed that self-reports can be unreliable because people might say one thing and do another.

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10
Q

Q: what is social acquiescence?

A

A: not rocking the boat, doing what society says is acceptable.

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11
Q

Is self-report a behavioral measure?

A

It is argumentative

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12
Q

Self-report, physiology, and behavioralist are apart of what?

A

Tri-fecta

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13
Q

Q: What did Socrates believe about truth?

A

A: He believed all truth was innate.

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14
Q

Q: What was Plato’s belief about knowledge?

A

A: Plato believed that truth and knowledge were not innate and that ideas, forms, and ideals were key.

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15
Q

Q: What is appetitive processes according to Aristotle?

A

A: Appetitive processes involve desire and seeking out pleasure

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16
Q

Q: When was the “birth of psychology” and what marked its beginning?

A

A: In 1879 with the establishment of the first psychological laboratory by Wundt, marking the start of voluntarism.

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17
Q

Q: What is the concept of “zeitgeist” in psychology?

A

A: It refers to the spirit of the times, or the prevailing cultural norms and beliefs during a specific period.

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18
Q

Q: Phylogeny is _______
Ontongeny is _______
Epistemogeny is ______

A

A:
1. Genes
2. Habits
3. Ideas

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19
Q

Q: Ego (Das Ich), super ego (Das Uber), and ID (Das Es) were whose beliefs?

A

A: Freud

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20
Q

Q: Family history, DNA marker, At Birth, twin studies

these are all examples of ?

A

A: Phylogeny

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21
Q

Das ich -
Das Uber (Above I/self) -
Das Es (The IT)

A

Das ich - reality
Das Uber (Above I/self) - morality
Das Es (The IT) - pleasure

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22
Q

Are culture and society examples of phylogeny, ontogeny, or epistemogeny?

A

A: Epistemogeny

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23
Q

Match the force of psych with the person:
1. structuralism A. Freud
2. functionalism B: Tichner
3. Behaviorism C. Watson
4. Gestalt D. Dewey & James
5. Psychoanalysis E. Wertheimer,
Koffka, & Kohler

A
  1. structuralism B. Tichner
  2. functionalism D: Dewey & James
  3. Behaviorism C. Watson
  4. Gestalt E. Wertheimer
    Koffka, & Kohler
  5. Psychoanalysis A. Freud
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24
Q

Q: Three examples of internal motives

A

A:
1. Needs
2. Cognition
3. Emotion

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25
Q

Q : What are the 3 types of needs and examples?

A

A:
1.Physiological (hunger, thirst, sleep)
2.Psychological (self-esteem, autonomy, confidence)
3. Social (social approval, affection)

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26
Q

Q: S>R is what?

A

Stimulus to response

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27
Q

Calculating: thinking that is strategic
Competitive: outperforming others
Appetitive: desires or cravings

Who’s ideas were these?

A

Plato

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28
Q

What was Aristotle’s tripartite?

A

Rational: reasoning and thinking
Sensitive: perception and emotion
Nutritive: growth and reproduction

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29
Q

What was Freud’s tripartite?

A

Ego: derives from reality
Super Ego: derives from morality
ID: derives from pleasure

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30
Q

_______: Era of the first force
______: Rolling out of WWII, trust in the government
_______: distrust in government, free will, PeaceLoveDrugs
______: transpersonal, evolutionary, positive, and existential psych

A

20s & 30s
50s & 60s
70s
Current

31
Q

What was the significance of the first psych lab?

A

Year the psych was discovered as science

32
Q

What is the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd paradigm of the first force of psychology?

A

1st: Structuralism
2nd: Functionalism
3rd: Gestalt

33
Q

What is the 1st and 2nd paradigm of the second force of psychology?

A

1st: Behaviorism
2nd: Psychoanalysis

34
Q

What is the 1st and 2nd paradigm of the third force of psychology?

A

1st: Cognitivism
2nd: Humanistic psych

35
Q

What is the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th paradigm of the fourth force of psychology?t/

A

1st: Transpersonal Psychology
2nd: Existential Psychology
3rd: Evolutionary Psychology
4th: Positive Psychology

36
Q

First Grand Theory
Focus, Founder, & Failings

A

Will Theory (Descartes) -
Focus: human willpower
Failings: criticized for being too vague and untestable.

37
Q

Second Grand Theory
Focus, Founder, & Failings

A

Instinct Theory (McDougall) -
Focus: behaviors are driven by innate instincts
Failings: issues with tautology and reification.

38
Q

Third Grand Theory
Focus, Founder, & Failings

A

Drive Theory (Sigmund Freud, Clark Hull) -
Focus: internal drives like hunger and thirst
Failings: criticized for oversimplifying complex behaviors.

39
Q

What are Kuhn’s stages of science?

A
  1. Pre-paradigm
  2. Paradigmatic (Normal Science)
  3. Paradigm Drift
  4. Crisis/Revolution
40
Q

Specific observations or examples and then makes a broader generalization

A

Inductive reasoning

41
Q

Q: What is homeostasis in the context of the nervous system?

A

A: refers to the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment (temperature and pH balance) despite external changes.

42
Q

What is good stress?

A

Short-term, motivating, improves performance.

43
Q

Q: What are the four main neurotransmitters discussed
A: Dopamine (reward and pleasure), serotonin (mood regulation), norepinephrine (arousal and alertness), and endorphins (pain inhibition and stress reduction).

A

A: Dopamine
serotonin
norepinephrine
endorphins

44
Q

what are the primary effects of the four main neurotransmitters?

A

A:
Dopamine (reward and pleasure)
serotonin (mood regulation), norepinephrine (arousal and alertness)
endorphins (pain inhibition and stress reduction).

45
Q

Q: What brain structures are associated with approach-oriented behavior (BAS)?

A

A: The hypothalamus, orbitofrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens

46
Q

Q: What brain structures are associated with avoidance-oriented behavior (BIS)?

A

A: The amygdala and right prefrontal cortex

47
Q

Q: What chemical is associated with the “cuddle chemical” and attachment?

A

A: Oxytocin is associated with attachment and is often called the “cuddle chemical.”

48
Q

What is bad stress?

A

Chronic, overwhelming, leads to health problems.

49
Q

How does hierarchy status affect stress?

A

Lower status = higher stress and worse health.

Higher status = less stress and better health.

50
Q

What did the Whitehall study find?

A

Lower-ranked workers have higher illness rates due to stress.

51
Q

Q: What chemicals are involved in the attraction phase of romantic love?

A

A: Phenylethylamine (PEA), dopamine, and norepinephrine are involved in the attraction phase.

51
Q

Q: What part of the brain is primarily involved in the formation of phobias?

A

A: The amygdala is primarily involved in the formation of phobias.

52
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Protective caps on chromosomes, shorten with age.

53
Q

How does stress affect telomeres?

A

Chronic stress speeds up telomere shortening.

54
Q

Q: What is appetitive aggression, and what does it involve?

A

A: involves competition for resources and the defense of property, often linked to offensive aggression.

55
Q

How are ulcers caused?

A

stomach bacteria builds up (H. pylori bacteria)

56
Q

Q: What does homologizing refer to in the context of evolutionary biology?

A

A: the similarity in characteristics across different species due to shared ancestry, (facial expressions that elicit emotions.)

57
Q

What role does stress play in ulcers?

A

Weakens immunity, allowing bacteria to cause ulcers.

58
Q

Q: What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

A: The two main divisions are the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

59
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

A: prepares the body for “fight or flight” by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and inhibiting digestion.

60
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

A: promotes “rest and digest” by slowing the heart rate, contracting pupils, and stimulating digestion.

61
Q

Q: How does the sympathetic nervous system affect digestion?

A

A: It inhibits digestion to redirect energy towards more immediate survival needs.

62
Q

Negative impacts of chronic stress?

A

Heart disease, immune suppression, memory loss.

63
Q

How does stress affect the brain?

A

Shrinks brain cells, especially in the hippocampus

64
Q

What is the Dutch Hunger Winter?

A

WWII famine in the Netherlands.

65
Q

Q: How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the heart?

A

A: It slows down the heartbeat to promote relaxation and conserve energy.

66
Q

Significance of the Dutch Hunger Winter?

A

Prenatal stress leads to long-term health issues.

67
Q

Q: Where does the dopamine-based reward circuit begin in the brain?

A

A: It begins in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), where dopamine is manufactured.

68
Q

Q: What is the role of the nucleus accumbens (NA) in the dopamine-based reward circuit?

A

A: receives dopamine from the VTA and is involved in the subjective experience of pleasure

69
Q

What do stress hormones do?

A

Prepare the body for threats (adrenaline, glucocorticoids).

70
Q

Long-term effects of stress hormones?

A

Damage to heart, memory, and immune function.

71
Q

How does sociality reduce stress?

A

Strong social bonds lower stress levels.

72
Q

Q: How does the prefrontal cortex contribute to the brain’s reward system?

A

A: involved in processing the subjective experience of pleasure as part of the reward circuit.

73
Q

What did Sapolsky’s baboon study reveal?

A

Less aggression and more social connection = better health.

74
Q

Q: What function does the orbitofrontal cortex serve in the reward system?

A

A: stores the learned reward value of objects and experiences.

Motivation & Emotion (1 decks)

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