Exam 1 Flashcards by Jennifer Togun

Q: What is a paradigm?

A: A framework or structure that guides understanding.

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Q: What is the behaviorism paradigm?

A: A framework or structure that asks questions about observable behaviors.

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Q: What is the biopsychosocial model?

A: A model that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health and illness.

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What is a need?

A: Something that supports life, growth, and well-being.

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Q: What is the difference between psychology and sociology?

A: Psychology studies individuals while sociology studies groups

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Q: What are emotions?

A: Affective feelings or responses.

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Q: What are cognitions?

A: How one perceives something.

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Q: What are some behavioral expressions of motivation?

A: Attention, effort, persistence, latency, intensity, facial expressions, bodily gestures, voice, self-report, voice inflection, and duration.

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Q: Cardiovascular activity, plasma activity, hormonal activity, ocular activity, electrodermal activity, skeletal activity, and brain activity are what?

A: Physiological expressions of motivation

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Q: What did the 1934 LaPiere Stanford study reveal?

A: It showed that self-reports can be unreliable because people might say one thing and do another.

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Q: what is social acquiescence?

A: not rocking the boat, doing what society says is acceptable.

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Is self-report a behavioral measure?

It is argumentative

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Self-report, physiology, and behavioralist are apart of what?

Tri-fecta

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Q: What did Socrates believe about truth?

A: He believed all truth was innate.

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Q: What was Plato’s belief about knowledge?

A: Plato believed that truth and knowledge were not innate and that ideas, forms, and ideals were key.

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Q: What is appetitive processes according to Aristotle?

A: Appetitive processes involve desire and seeking out pleasure

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Q: When was the “birth of psychology” and what marked its beginning?

A: In 1879 with the establishment of the first psychological laboratory by Wundt, marking the start of voluntarism.

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Q: What is the concept of “zeitgeist” in psychology?

A: It refers to the spirit of the times, or the prevailing cultural norms and beliefs during a specific period.

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Q: Phylogeny is _______
Ontongeny is _______
Epistemogeny is ______

A:
1. Genes
2. Habits
3. Ideas

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Q: Ego (Das Ich), super ego (Das Uber), and ID (Das Es) were whose beliefs?

A: Freud

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Q: Family history, DNA marker, At Birth, twin studies

these are all examples of ?

A: Phylogeny

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Das ich -
Das Uber (Above I/self) -
Das Es (The IT)

Das ich - reality
Das Uber (Above I/self) - morality
Das Es (The IT) - pleasure

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Are culture and society examples of phylogeny, ontogeny, or epistemogeny?

A: Epistemogeny

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Match the force of psych with the person:
1. structuralism A. Freud
2. functionalism B: Tichner
3. Behaviorism C. Watson
4. Gestalt D. Dewey & James
5. Psychoanalysis E. Wertheimer,
Koffka, & Kohler

structuralism B. Tichner
functionalism D: Dewey & James
Behaviorism C. Watson
Gestalt E. Wertheimer
Koffka, & Kohler
Psychoanalysis A. Freud

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Q: Three examples of internal motives

A: 1. Needs 2. Cognition 3. Emotion

Q : What are the 3 types of needs and examples?

A: 1.Physiological (hunger, thirst, sleep) 2.Psychological (self-esteem, autonomy, confidence) 3. Social (social approval, affection)

Q: S>R is what?

Stimulus to response

Calculating: thinking that is strategic Competitive: outperforming others Appetitive: desires or cravings Who's ideas were these?

Plato

What was Aristotle's tripartite?

Rational: reasoning and thinking Sensitive: perception and emotion Nutritive: growth and reproduction

What was Freud's tripartite?

Ego: derives from reality Super Ego: derives from morality ID: derives from pleasure

_______: Era of the first force ______: Rolling out of WWII, trust in the government _______: distrust in government, free will, PeaceLoveDrugs ______: transpersonal, evolutionary, positive, and existential psych

20s & 30s 50s & 60s 70s Current

What was the significance of the first psych lab?

Year the psych was discovered as science

What is the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd paradigm of the first force of psychology?

1st: Structuralism 2nd: Functionalism 3rd: Gestalt

What is the 1st and 2nd paradigm of the second force of psychology?

1st: Behaviorism 2nd: Psychoanalysis

What is the 1st and 2nd paradigm of the third force of psychology?

1st: Cognitivism 2nd: Humanistic psych

What is the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th paradigm of the fourth force of psychology?t/

1st: Transpersonal Psychology 2nd: Existential Psychology 3rd: Evolutionary Psychology 4th: Positive Psychology

First Grand Theory Focus, Founder, & Failings

Will Theory (Descartes) - Focus: human willpower Failings: criticized for being too vague and untestable.

Second Grand Theory Focus, Founder, & Failings

Instinct Theory (McDougall) - Focus: behaviors are driven by innate instincts Failings: issues with tautology and reification.

Third Grand Theory Focus, Founder, & Failings

Drive Theory (Sigmund Freud, Clark Hull) - Focus: internal drives like hunger and thirst Failings: criticized for oversimplifying complex behaviors.

What are Kuhn’s stages of science?

1. Pre-paradigm 2. Paradigmatic (Normal Science) 3. Paradigm Drift 4. Crisis/Revolution

Specific observations or examples and then makes a broader generalization

Inductive reasoning

Q: What is homeostasis in the context of the nervous system?

A: refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment (temperature and pH balance) despite external changes.

What is good stress?

Short-term, motivating, improves performance.

Q: What are the four main neurotransmitters discussed A: Dopamine (reward and pleasure), serotonin (mood regulation), norepinephrine (arousal and alertness), and endorphins (pain inhibition and stress reduction).

A: Dopamine serotonin norepinephrine endorphins

what are the primary effects of the four main neurotransmitters?

A: Dopamine (reward and pleasure) serotonin (mood regulation), norepinephrine (arousal and alertness) endorphins (pain inhibition and stress reduction).

Q: What brain structures are associated with approach-oriented behavior (BAS)?

A: The hypothalamus, orbitofrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens

Q: What brain structures are associated with avoidance-oriented behavior (BIS)?

A: The amygdala and right prefrontal cortex

Q: What chemical is associated with the "cuddle chemical" and attachment?

A: Oxytocin is associated with attachment and is often called the "cuddle chemical."

What is bad stress?

Chronic, overwhelming, leads to health problems.

How does hierarchy status affect stress?

Lower status = higher stress and worse health. Higher status = less stress and better health.

What did the Whitehall study find?

Lower-ranked workers have higher illness rates due to stress.

Q: What chemicals are involved in the attraction phase of romantic love?

A: Phenylethylamine (PEA), dopamine, and norepinephrine are involved in the attraction phase.

Q: What part of the brain is primarily involved in the formation of phobias?

A: The amygdala is primarily involved in the formation of phobias.

What are telomeres?

Protective caps on chromosomes, shorten with age.

How does stress affect telomeres?

Chronic stress speeds up telomere shortening.

Q: What is appetitive aggression, and what does it involve?

A: involves competition for resources and the defense of property, often linked to offensive aggression.

How are ulcers caused?

stomach bacteria builds up (H. pylori bacteria)

Q: What does homologizing refer to in the context of evolutionary biology?

A: the similarity in characteristics across different species due to shared ancestry, (facial expressions that elicit emotions.)

What role does stress play in ulcers?

Weakens immunity, allowing bacteria to cause ulcers.

Q: What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A: The two main divisions are the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

Q: What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

A: prepares the body for "fight or flight" by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and inhibiting digestion.

Q: What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A: promotes "rest and digest" by slowing the heart rate, contracting pupils, and stimulating digestion.

Q: How does the sympathetic nervous system affect digestion?

A: It inhibits digestion to redirect energy towards more immediate survival needs.

Negative impacts of chronic stress?

Heart disease, immune suppression, memory loss.

How does stress affect the brain?

Shrinks brain cells, especially in the hippocampus

What is the Dutch Hunger Winter?

WWII famine in the Netherlands.

Q: How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the heart?

A: It slows down the heartbeat to promote relaxation and conserve energy.

Significance of the Dutch Hunger Winter?

Prenatal stress leads to long-term health issues.

Q: Where does the dopamine-based reward circuit begin in the brain?

A: It begins in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), where dopamine is manufactured.

Q: What is the role of the nucleus accumbens (NA) in the dopamine-based reward circuit?

A: receives dopamine from the VTA and is involved in the subjective experience of pleasure

What do stress hormones do?

Prepare the body for threats (adrenaline, glucocorticoids).

Long-term effects of stress hormones?

Damage to heart, memory, and immune function.

How does sociality reduce stress?

Strong social bonds lower stress levels.

Q: How does the prefrontal cortex contribute to the brain's reward system?

A: involved in processing the subjective experience of pleasure as part of the reward circuit.

What did Sapolsky's baboon study reveal?

Less aggression and more social connection = better health.

Q: What function does the orbitofrontal cortex serve in the reward system?

A: stores the learned reward value of objects and experiences.