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R's Organic > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula for an alkane
What is the VESPR shape and bond angle
What is the hybridization

A

CnH2n+2
Tetrahedral, 109.5
sp3

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2
Q

What is the formula for an alkene
What is the VESPR shape and bond angle
What is the hybridization

A

CnH2n
Trigonal Planar: 120
sp2

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3
Q

What is the formula for an alkyne
What is the VESPR shape and bond angle
What is the hybridization

A

CnH2n-2
Linear; 180
sp

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4
Q

What does saturated vs unsaturated mean

A

Saturated has the max amount of H bonds, no double or triple bonds
Unsaturated has double or triple bonds that do not allow for the max number of H.

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5
Q

Define stereoisomers

A

same connectivity, rotation around C-C is restricted.
Can be cis or trans

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6
Q

Constitutional Isomer

A

Same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms

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7
Q

How many bonds do each of the following typically want :
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Halides

A

Carbon- 4 bonds
Nitrogen- 3 bonds (has lone pair)
Oxygen- 2 bonds (has 2 lone pairs)
Halides- 1 bond (has 3 lone pairs)

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8
Q

What is the typical formal charge when:
an element has an extra lone pair
an element has an extra bond

A

extra lone pair will be -
extra bond will be +

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9
Q

what is a sigma bond vs pi bond

A

sigma is single bond
pi bond is double bond

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10
Q

what is a degenerate orbital

A

orbitals of the same energy level.
Hybrids are degenerate.

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11
Q

What is the lowest energy orbital?

A

1s

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12
Q

Aufbau principle

A

“build up”, must start from lowest energy level before filling a higher one

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13
Q

Paulis exclusion principle

A

each orbital has opposite spins

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14
Q

Hunds Rule

A

One in each before doubling up.

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15
Q

What type of interference will result in a bond?

A

constructive interference only.
Antibonding (*) is considered destructive interference and is of a higher energy level-has a node

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

What makes pi bonds?

A

overlapping UNHYBRIDIZED orbitals

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18
Q

What is the longest bond?
What is the strongest bond?

A

longest is a single bond
strongest is a triple bond

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19
Q

What is the steric number for sp3 ,sp2, and sp orbitals?

A

sp3 =4
sp2=3
sp=2

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20
Q
A
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21
Q
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22
Q
A
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23
Q

Polar or nonpolar:
Tetrahedral with symmetry
Tetrahedral without symmetry
Bent
Trigonal Planar with symmetry
Trigonal Planar without symmetry

A

Tetrahedral with symmetry- nonpolar
Tetrahedral without symmetry- polar
Bent- polar
Trigonal Planar with symmetry-nonpolar
Trigonal Planar without symmetry- polar

*Be cautious of atoms with similar electronegativities

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24
Q

Intramolecular forces vs intermolecular forces

A

Intra- within the molecule. Can be Ionic or Covalent (polar non polar)
Inter-between molecules. Can be London Dispersion, Dipole Dipole, Hydrogen.

25
Q

Rate the intermolecular forces weakest to strongest

A

LD< DD< Hydrogen

26
Q

The stronger the intermolecular forces, the _________ the melting point
Why

A

The stronger the intermolecular forces, the HIGHER the melting point.
Its a stronger bond, will require more energy (heat) to break it

27
Q

What factors can help determine order of melting point between given molecules

A

Greater surface area allows for stacking- increase melting point
Branching will decrease melting point
Longer chains will have increased melting points
Hydrogen bonding will have higher melting points

28
Q

What does it mean when a compound is “protic”

A

Compounds with H atoms that are capable of forming hydrogen bonds

29
Q

Which atoms are most likely to form Hydrogen bonds. Why?

A

F.O.N. They each have a lone pair ready for H to attach too. They are very electronegative.

30
Q

Stronger ka is a _______pka, _______acidic

A

Stronger ka is a lower pka, more acidic

31
Q

The stable base is the _______base, which comes from the ______acid

A

The stable base is the weaker base, which comes from the stronger acid.

32
Q

When comparing acids, equilibrium will favor the ________acid

A

equilibrium will favor the weaker acid

33
Q

ARIO

A

Atom- based on size then electronegativity
Resonance
Induction-based only on electronegativity
Orbital- sp is more stable

34
Q

what is the pka for:

A
35
Q

Bronsted Lowry acid/base vs Lewis acid/base

A

Bronsted Lowry acid donates H, base accepts H
Lewis acid accepts LP, base donates LP

36
Q

Why does equilibrium favor the weak acid?

A

Because a strong acid will completely dissociate and go to completion. A weak acid can be slowly moved and controlled/balanced

37
Q

What are the 6 strong acids to know

A

HCl
HI
HBr
HNO3
HClO4
H2SO4

38
Q

Ka> 1
Ka<1
Which side of equi is favored?

A

Ka>1 favors products
Ka<1 favors reactants.
Why? Because ka=[H][A]/[HA]

39
Q

Strong acids will give conjugate bases ________than water

A

Strong acids will give conjugate bases weaker than water

40
Q

When using ARIO, what are we looking at?

A

the BASES!!!!

41
Q

What are the 5 steps to recrystallization?

A

Choosing the Solvent
Dissolving the Solute
Filtering undissolved impurities
Crystallizing the solute
Collecting and washing the crystals

42
Q

Recrystallization lab:
How to choose the solvent

A

Like dissolves like
Choose the solvent that will dissolve the solute only when you heat the mixture, not at room temp

43
Q

Recrystallization lab:

_____ cooling gives the best crystals

A

SLOW cooling gives the best crystals

44
Q

Recrystallization lab:
When do you use gravity filtration vs vacuum filtration?

A

Gravity is used when filtering undissolved impurities
Vacuum is used when collecting and washing the crystals

45
Q

Recrystallization lab:
Describe the characteristics of a good solvent

A

The solid to be recrystallized is very soluble when the solvent is near its boiling temperature and only sparingly soluble when the solvent is at room temperature or below

46
Q

Recrystallization lab:
What is the purpose of adding activated carbon/charcoal to a solution during recrystallization?

A

To remove colored impurities

47
Q

Recrystallization lab:
Melting point is a ______ property and can be used to ______

A

Melting point is a PHYSICAL property and can be used to IDENTIFY A SUBSTANCE

48
Q

Recrystallization lab:
What does it mean when a compound melts over a very narrow range? and over a wide range?

A

It can be assumed that the compound is relatively pure with a narrow range.

A wide melting range suggests impure.

49
Q

Recrystallization lab:
What is the effect of impurities on the melting range?
Why?

A

Lowering the melting point and widening the range.
Impurities disrupt the organization of the pure substance.

50
Q

What is chromatography

A

technique of separating the mixture of compounds into their individual compounds.

51
Q

Chromatography Lab:
List some types of Chromatography

A

paper, thin layer (TLC), Liquid-liquid, gas, high performance liquid (HPLC)

52
Q

Chromatography Lab:
Calculate the Rf

A

Retention factor = distance traveled by compound / distance traveled by solvent

53
Q

Chromatography Lab:
The stronger a compound is bound to the adsorbent, the _________ is moves up the paper/silica

A

The stronger a compound the slower it moves

Nonpolar compounds move up the plate most rapidly

54
Q

Chromatography Lab:
Mobile phase vs Stationary phase

A

Mobile phase is the liquid that moves the sample up the stationary phase.

Silica paper was our stationary, the Solvent was our mobile.

55
Q

Chromatography Lab:
Adsorbtion

A

the ability of a substance to “stick” (or be adsorbed) to a surface

56
Q

What is another term for spectator ions?

A

Counterions.
They are always present but not reacting, other than to balance charge

57
Q

Acids strong than ______ cannot be used as a solvent in water. Why?

A
58
Q

Bases stronger than _____ cannot be used in water. Why?

A

R's Organic (2 decks)

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