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Bio182 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bottleneck (genetic drift)

A

the rapid decrease in population size due to environmental changes

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2
Q

What are some examples of bottleneck genetic drift

A

natural disasters, exploitation, human activities

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3
Q

Founders Effect (genetic drift)

A

result of when few individuals from a large population establish a new population

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4
Q

What is an example of a founder effect

A

The Amish in America have grown from few people and and tend to marry within the same community

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5
Q

Gene Flow

A

when breeding individuals migrate and increase genetic variability

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6
Q

What is an example of gene flow?

A

If one classroom population mates with one another while another classroom also mates with each other and then someone in both classrooms mate with each other

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7
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Random changes in allele frequency that decrease genetic variation but increase genetic differences

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of genetic drift?

A

Bottleneck and Founders effect

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9
Q

What is a population?

A

Individuals of the same species reproducing/living in an area

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10
Q

What is microevolution?

A

small evolutionary change in allele frequency from generation to generation

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11
Q

What are the 5 microevolutionary processes

A

nonrandom mating, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection

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12
Q

What is a gene pool

A

The combination of all the genes and alleles present in a population that can reproduce

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13
Q

Who is Charles Darwin

A

He proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

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13
Q

What year did Linnaues find modern taxonomy

A

1700s

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14
Q

Who is Carolus Linnaues

A

He founded the idea of modern taxonomy which grouped species into groups based on shared features

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14
Q

Who created the binomial nomenclature

A

Linnaeus

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15
Q

Name the 8 categories of the Linaneun classification systems

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phyla, class, order, family, genus, species

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16
Q

Which structure is the most inclusive and exclusive

A

Domain is The most inclusive because it groups all forms of life based on cell structure and is the most broad. The most exclusive is the species because it has the most narrow classification.

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17
Q

What is the Binomial system

A

The first part is genus and the second part designates the species

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18
Q

What is sexual selection

A

You are choosing a mate on colors or some other characteristic.

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18
Q

What are the 3 domains recognized

A

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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19
Q

what is monophyletic

A

a clade or group of organisms that share a common ancestor and all descendants

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of taxonomic relationships

A

monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic

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20
Q

What is a homologous structure

A

a body part or organ that shares a common ancestor but serves different functions

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21
Q

What is an example of a homologous structure

A

The arm structure of a human compared to a horse

22
Q

What is an analogous structure

A

a feature found in different species that have similar functions but different origins

23
Q

What is an example of an analogous structure

A

the fins of dolphins and shark

24
Q

What is a hybrid zone

A

an overlap between recently diverged populations where interbreeding occurs to make hybrids

25
Q

What are the 3 types of hybrid zones

A

reinforcement, fusion, and stability

26
Q

What is a reinforcement zone

A

the hybrids are less fit than the parents then the species diverge til there is no more hybridization

27
Q

What is a fusion zone

A

two species become one due to weakened reproductive barriers

28
Q

What is a stability zone

A

fit hybrids continue to be produced

29
Q

What are pre and post-zygotic barriers

A

they prevent gene flow

30
Q

What is a prezygotic barrier

A

prevents zygote from forming and prevents mating and reproduction

31
Q

What are the 5 prezygotic barriers

A

temporal isolation
habitat isolation
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
gametic isolation

32
Q

What is temporal isolation

A

2 groups reproduce at different times of the day, season, or year

33
Q

Give me an example of temporal isolation

A

wood frogs and leopard frogs live in the same area but mate at different times of the year

34
Q

What is habitat isolation

A

organisms that are geographically close to each other but breed in a specific habitat in that area

35
Q

What is an example of habitat isolation

A

Flycatcher birds have overlapping ranges but stay in their specific part of the tree

36
Q

What is behavioral isolation

A

don’t reproduce with eachother because of behaviors like mating signals

37
Q

What is an example of behavioral isolation

A

different species of fireflies use different light patterns to attract female mates

38
Q

What is mechanical isolation?

A

structural differences prevent mating, parts don’t fit together

39
Q

What is an example of mechanical isolation?

A

certain bees can’t fit in certain flowers to pollinate them

40
Q

What is gametic isolation

A

there is molecular or chemical difference and the egg and sperm are incompatible due to different protein receptors

41
Q

What is an example of gametic isolation

A

different species of sponges releasing gametes at the same time

42
Q

What is a postzygotic barrier

A

barrier that forms after the zygote has already formed and reduces the fitness of offspring/hybrids

43
Q

What is an example of a post-zygotic barrier

A

mules are horses and donkeys and are sterile

44
Q

What is allopatric speciation

A

when geographic isolation occurs and evolves by natural selection or genetic drift

44
Q

What is speciation

A

the evolution of a new species

45
Q

what are the types of speciation

A

allopatric and sympatric

46
Q

What is sympatric speciation

A

speciation occurs from ancestral species while in the same geographic location

47
Q

what is an example of allopatric speciation

A

squirrels on the opposite sides of the Grand Canyon are evolving differently on each side

48
Q

what is an example of sympatric speciation

A

plants

49
Q

What is reproductive fitness

A

more reproduction and the ability to produce viable offspring

50
Q

What is macroevolution

A

large-scale population change at the species level or higher

51
Q

What is artificial selection

A

human intervention in animal or plant reproduction or survival to allow any individuals with desired traits to produce

52
Q

What is genetic variation

A

the differences in DNA sequences between individuals within a species

53
Q

what are the types of genetic variation

A

Genetic polymorphism
Heterozygote advantage
Geographic variation

54
Q

What is genetic polymorphism

A

Differences in nucleotide sequences among a population may or may not lead to different phenotypes.

55
Q

what do genetic polymorphisms tell us

A

The greater the differences, the further back in time two species may share a common ancestor

56
Q

What is heterozygote advantage?

A

Natural selection maintains alleles that are unfavorable in the homozygous state when the heterozygote Aa has a higher degree of fitness than either homozygote AA or aa

57
Q

what is geographic variation

A

genetic differences among different populations within the same species

Bio182 (2 decks)

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