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anatomy & physiology II > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

16-21

1
Q

Any sensory neuron detects stimuli within an area called its [] field.
(other, receptor, neuron, field, receptive, two, single)

A

Receptive

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2
Q

For example, a single touch sensory [] can cover a large skin area.
(other, receptor, neuron, field, receptive, two, single)

A

Neuron

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3
Q

Anywhere the skin is touched in that area stimulates that [] neuron.
(other, receptor, neuron, field, receptive, two, single)

A

Single

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4
Q

The brain cannot determine where in the [] the neuron was stimulated.
(other, receptor, neuron, field, receptive, two, single)

A

Field

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5
Q

A touch at any [] places in the field can therefore feel like a single touch.

A

Two

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6
Q

Frequency discrimination is based on a structural gradient in the [] membrane.
(motor, tympanic, displaced, basilar, pitch, attached, sensory)

A

Basilar

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7
Q

The proximal end of the membrane is [], and the distal end is not.
(motor, tympanic, displaced, basilar, pitch, attached, sensory)

A

Attached

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8
Q

[] information changes depending on which end it is received.
(motor, tympanic, displaced, basilar, pitch, attached, sensory)

A

Sensory

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8
Q

The arrangement causes a standing wave with some regions more [] than others.
(motor, tympanic, displaced, basilar, pitch, attached, sensory)

A

Displaced

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9
Q

This change means the difference in [] in sound.
(motor, tympanic, displaced, basilar, pitch, attached, sensory)

A

Pitch

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9
Q

[] is when the eye is focused on an object more than 20 ft away, and light rays focus on the retina without effort.
(myopia, iris, near, emmetropia, retina, convergence, focus)

A

Emmetropia

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10
Q

The eye will automatically focus on distant things unless the [] is shifted elsewhere.
(myopia, iris, near, emmetropia, retina, convergence, focus)

A

Focus

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11
Q

This [] response is the adjustment to close-range vision.
(myopia, iris, near, emmetropia, retina, convergence, focus)

A

Near

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12
Q

In the emmetropic eye, the [] muscle is relaxed and dilated.
(concave, enlarges, pupil, narrows, ciliary, convex, lens, suspensory)

A

Ciliary

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12
Q

This response depends on [], constriction of the pupil, and lens accommodation.
(myopia, iris, near, emmetropia, retina, convergence, focus)

A

Convergence

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12
Q

These three factors aid in focusing the image onto the [].
(myopia, iris, near, emmetropia, retina, convergence, focus)

A

Retina

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13
Q

The relaxation and dilation of the ciliary muscle puts tension on the suspensory ligament and flattens the [].
(concave, enlarges, pupil, narrows, ciliary, convex, lens, suspensory)

A

Lens

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13
Q

The relaxation and dilation of the ciliary muscle puts tension on the suspensory ligament and flattens the [].
(concave, enlarges, pupil, narrows, ciliary, convex, lens, suspensory)

A

Narrows

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14
Q

The contraction of the ciliary muscle reduces tension on the [] ligament.
(concave, enlarges, pupil, narrows, ciliary, convex, lens, suspensory)

A

Suspensory

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14
Q

Reduced tension on the suspensory ligament results in the lens forming a [] shape.
(concave, enlarges, pupil, narrows, ciliary, convex, lens, suspensory)

A

Convex

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15
Q

Take the two descriptions and decide which belongs to CONES or RODS.
Description 1: night vision, rhodopsin, scotopic vision, absorption peak at 500 nm, smooth plasma membrane.
Description 2: color vision; absorption peaks at 420, 531, 558 nm; infolded plasma membrane, concentrated in and around macula, photopsin

A

1: rods
2: cones

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15
Q

Q
The foot plate is part of which structure?
A. Malleus
B. Spiral organ
C. Incus
D. Tympanic membrane
E. Stapes

A

E. Stapes

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15
Q

A receptor that detects chemicals

A

Chemoreceptor

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16
Q

During hearing, which is the first to vibrate?
A. Basilar membrane
B. Tympanic membrane
C. Hair cells of spiral organ
D. Oval window
E. Stapes

A

B. Tympanic membrane

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16
Q

A receptor that detects changes in temperature

A

Thermoreceptor

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17
Q

A receptor that detects tissue damage or potentially damaging stimuli

A

Nociceptor

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17
Q

A receptor that detects changes in light

A

Photoreceptor

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18
Q

Sound waves pass through this canal on their way toward the eardrum.
external acoustic meatus
cochlear duct
semicircular canal
auditory tube

A

External acoustic meatus

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18
Q

Within the inner ear, this structure is involved in dynamic equilibrium.
cochlea
utricle
the semicircular canals
saccule

A

The semicircular canals

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18
Q

The olfactory epithelium ________.
is found in the roof of the nasal cavity
lies superior to the cribriform plate
surrounds the olfactory bulb
lines the nasal cavity

A

Is found in the roof of the nasal cavity

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19
Q

The portion of the bipolar olfactory receptor cell that actually detects odors is the ________.
proximal axon
olfactory cilium
dendrite
axon terminal

A

Olfactory cilium

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20
Q

The sensation of taste is carried on axons of the following cranial nerve(s): ________.
VII, IX, and X
V
III, IV, and VI
I

A

VII, IX, and X

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21
Q

Acids primarily activate receptors that respond to ________ tastes.
sour
umami
salty
sweet
bitter

A

Sour

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22
Q

Sugar crystals placed on a dry tongue ________.
activate receptors located only in the middle of the tongue
activate sweet and umami receptors immediately
activate sweet receptors immediately
do not activate any taste receptors

A

Do not activate any taste receptors

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23
Q

Because of anatomical differences in the olfactory system, the sense of smell may be more important to this animal than it is to humans.
sheep
predatory bird
fish

A

Sheep

24
Q

The human ear can detect what frequency of vibrations?
100 to 100,000 Hz
5 to 200,000 Hz
5 to 20 Hz
20 to 20,000 Hz
10 to 10,000 Hz

A

20 to 20,000 Hz

25
Q

Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise?
Cochlear hair cells
Fibers of the cochlear nerve
Tympanic membrane
tectorial membrane
Ossicles

A

Cochlear hair cells

26
Q

Human vision is limited to wavelengths ranging from ________ nm.
4 to 70
400 to 700
400 to 7,000
4,000 to 7,000
40 to 700

A

400 to 700

27
Q

Glaucoma is a state of elevated pressure within the eye that occurs when the ________ is obstructed so the aqueous humor is not reabsorbed as fast as it is secreted.
tarsal gland opening
posterior chamber
scleral venous sinus
anterior chamber
lacrimal punctum

A

Scleral venous sinus

28
Q

Nerve fibers from all regions of the retina converge on the ________ and exit the eye by way of the optic nerve.
optic disc
ora serrata
macula lutea
fovea centralis
lens

A

Optic disc

29
Q

An eye with which of the following conditions does not need a corrective lens to focus the image?
Myopia
Emmetropia
Presbyopia
Hyperopia
Astigmatism

A

Emmetropia

30
Q

Which cells are responsible for photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision?
Rods
Cones
Pigment cells
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells

A

Cones

31
Q

What are the only retinal cells that produce action potentials?
Horizontal cells
Cones
Rods
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells

A

Ganglion cells

32
Q

What are the first-order neurons in the visual pathway?
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells
Rods and cones
Optic nerve fibers
Amacrine cells

A

Bipolar cells

33
Q

Half of the fibers of each optic nerve decussate at the ________.
lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
optic chiasm
superior colliculus
optic foramen
midbrain

A

Optic chiasm

34
Q

Taste receptor cells are also called ________.

gustatory cells
taste buds
taste hairs
papillae

A

Gustatory cells

35
Q

The receptor cells for hearing lie within the ________ in the ________.
cochlear duct (scala media); spiral organ
scala vestibuli; semicircular canal
scala tympani; spiral organ
cochlear duct (scala media); utricle

A

cochlear duct (scala media); spiral organ

36
Q

Osmolarity-detecting cells located in the nuclei of the [] are stimulated by an increasing blood solute concentration.
[anterior pituitary, infraoptic nucleus, lateral spinothalamic, thalamus, hypothalamus, supraoptic nucleus, hypothalamo-hypophyseal, posterior pituitary, target cells, reabsorption]

A

Hypothalamus

37
Q

Action potentials are then generated in the [] at the inferior edge of the hypothalamus.
[anterior pituitary, infraoptic nucleus, lateral spinothalamic, thalamus, hypothalamus, supraoptic nucleus, hypothalamo-hypophyseal, posterior pituitary, target cells, reabsorption]

A

Supraoptic nucleus

38
Q

These action potentials travel down the length of the axons of the [] tract to their destination at the posterior pituitary gland.
[anterior pituitary, infraoptic nucleus, lateral spinothalamic, thalamus, hypothalamus, supraoptic nucleus, hypothalamo-hypophyseal, posterior pituitary, target cells, reabsorption]

A

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal

39
Q

The [] gland releases antidiuretic hormone [ADH] into the bloodstream.
[anterior pituitary, infraoptic nucleus, lateral spinothalamic, thalamus, hypothalamus, supraoptic nucleus, hypothalamo-hypophyseal, posterior pituitary, target cells, reabsorption]

A

Posterior pituitary

40
Q

Circulating throughout the body, ADH arrives at the [] of the kidneys.
[anterior pituitary, infraoptic nucleus, lateral spinothalamic, thalamus, hypothalamus, supraoptic nucleus, hypothalamo-hypophyseal, posterior pituitary, target cells, reabsorption]

A

Target cells

41
Q

Due to an increase in [] of water from the kidneys’ nephrons, blood volume is maintained.
[anterior pituitary, infraoptic nucleus, lateral spinothalamic, thalamus, hypothalamus, supraoptic nucleus, hypothalamo-hypophyseal, posterior pituitary, target cells, reabsorption]

A

Reabsorption

42
Q

Hypertrophy and atrophy of the [] system is regulated in large by the amount of circulating testosterone and growth hormone.
[circulatory, digestive, immune, integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, urinary]

A

Muscular

43
Q

The nuclei of the hypothalamus, as part of the [], are critical to the overall development, maintenance, and functioning of the body’s tissues.
[circulatory, digestive, immune, integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, urinary]

A

Nervous

44
Q

Blood, a component of the [], acts as a medium of hormone transportation throughout the body.
[circulatory, digestive, immune, integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, urinary]

A

Circulatory

45
Q

During times of acute stress, epinephrine and norepinephrine will directly increase the pulmonary airflow of the [] in order to ensure adequate metabolic support of tissues.
[circulatory, digestive, immune, integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, urinary]

A

Respiratory

46
Q

Regulation of water excretion and electrolyte concentrations associated with the [] are controlled by the endocrine system.
[circulatory, digestive, immune, integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, urinary]

A

Urinary

47
Q

The [] is influenced by enteric hormones, which regulate gastrointestinal secretion and motility.
[circulatory, digestive, immune, integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, urinary]

A

Digestive

48
Q

Gonadotropins directly regulate the activity of the [] by controlling levels of androgens and estrogens.
[circulatory, digestive, immune, integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, urinary]

A

Reproductive

49
Q

Calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin are just three of the many hormones that influence the regulation of the [].
[circulatory, digestive, immune, integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, urinary]

A

Skeletal

50
Q

When blood glucose is high, beta cells of the [] secrete [].

A

Pancreas, insulin

51
Q

When blood glucose levels are too low, alpha cells of the pancreas secrete [].

A

Glucagon

52
Q

T or F: hormones are normally secreted via ducts into the bloodstream.

A

False

53
Q

T or F: both the thymus and pineal gland shrink after childhood.

A

True

54
Q

Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?
They secrete their products by way of ducts.
Their secretions may be released onto the body surface.
They secrete substances that do not alter the metabolism of their target cells, but have extracellular effects.
They have an unusually low density of blood capillaries.
They release their secretions into the blood.

A

They release their secretions into the blood.

55
Q

The nervous system reacts to stimuli ________ compared to the endocrine system, adapts ________ compared to the endocrine system, and has ________ effects compared to the endocrine system.
quickly; slowly; specific
slowly; quickly; specific
slowly; slowly; widespread
quickly; quickly; widespread
quickly; quickly; specific

A

Quickly; quickly; specific

56
Q

The ________ secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin.
posterior pituitary
hypothalamus
thyroid
thymus
anterior pituitary

A

anterior pituitary

56
Q

________ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.
Neurotransmitters
Paracrines
Neuromodulators
Hormones
Parahormones

A

Paracrines

57
Q

The anterior pituitary is ________ than the posterior pituitary and has ________ connection to the hypothalamus.
smaller; a nervous
smaller; no nervous
larger; a nervous
larger; no nervous

A

larger; no nervous

58
Q

What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?
The location of the target cells in the body
The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone
The site where the hormone is secreted
The location of the gland that secretes the hormone
The chemical properties of the hormone

A

The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone

59
Q

Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via ________.
positive feedback inhibition
down-regulation
negative feedback inhibition
antagonistic regulation
up-regulation

A

negative feedback inhibition

59
Q

The ________ secretes a hormone that increases the body’s metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system.
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
adrenal gland
pancreas
thymus

A

thyroid gland

59
Q

The hypophyseal portal system connects the ________ with the ________.
hypothalamus; thyroid
anterior pituitary; hypothalamus
anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
posterior pituitary; hypothalamus
pituitary glands; thyroid

A

anterior pituitary; hypothalamus

60
Q
A
60
Q

The ________ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.
Correct!
parathyroid glands
thyroid gland
thymus
pituitary gland
pineal gland

A

parathyroid glands

60
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the ________.
hypothalamus
adrenal gland
pancreas
kidneys
anterior pituitary

A

kidneys

61
Q

T or F: testosterone is a gonadotropin.

A

False

62
Q

Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete ________, which ________ blood glucose.
insulin; lowers
glucagon; raises
glucagon; lowers
insulin; raises
glucocorticoids; raises

A

glucagon; raises

63
Q

Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
The pineal gland
The ovary
The salivary glands
The thymus
The adrenal gland

A

The ovary

64
Q

The absence of iodine in the diet leads to ________.
hypoglycemia
hypothyroidism
hypoparathyroidism
hypoxemia
hypocalcemia

A

hypothyroidism

65
Q

T4 and T3 are ________ hormones that are mainly transported ________ in the blood.
catecholamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
steroid; bound to transcortin-binding protein (TBP)
steroid; unbound (free)
monoamine; unbound (free)

A

monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

66
Q

Which of the following enters a target cell’s nucleus and acts directly on the genes.
Oxytocin (OT)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Glucagon
Estrogen
Insulin

A

Estrogen

67
Q

Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and insulin decreases it. This is an example of ________.
the antagonistic effect
the cascade effect
the permissive effect
hormone clearance
the synergistic effect

A

the antagonistic effect

68
Q
A

anatomy & physiology II (1 decks)

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