exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
healthy people 2030 social determinates of health
A
economic stability
education access and quality
healthcare access and quality
neighborhood and built environment
social and community context
2
Q
pathophysiology
A
study of the bodys response to dysfunction or disease
3
Q
disease
A
an interruption, cessation, or disorder of a body system or organ structure
4
Q
aspects of disease process
A
etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, clinical course
5
Q
etiologic factors
A
causes of disease/risk factors
biological agents (bacteria viruses)
physical forces (trauma, burns)
chemical agents (poison, alcohol)
nutritional excesses or deficits
6
Q
etiolgic risk factors
A
congenital conditions- genetics, environmental(maternal drug use)
acquired defects- infection, injury, hypoxia, inappropriate immune responses
7
Q
Pathogenesis
A
sequences of cellular and tissue events that take place from time of intial contact with etiologic agent until expression of disease
8
Q
morphology
A
fundamental stucture or form of cells or tissues
9
Q
histology
A
study if cells of body tissues
lesion: pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of a body organ or tissue
10
Q
clinical manifestations
A
signs (objective) and symptoms (subjective)
11
Q
syndrome
A
compilations of signs and symptoms
12
Q
sequalae
A
lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by disease
13
Q
complications
A
adverse extensions of disease or outcomes of treatment
14
Q
diagnosis
A
designation as to the cause of the health problem… interpretation of diagnostic test results (CT, x-ray, labs, biopsy)
15
Q
specificity
A
the proportion of people without the disease who are negative (true negative)
16
Q
sensitivity
A
people with disease who are postive (true postive)
17
Q
reliability
A
the extent to which an observation, when repeated, gives the same result
18
Q
validity
A
the extent to which a measurement tool measure what it is intended to measure
19
Q
predictive value
A
the extent to whic an observation or test result is able to predict the presence of a given disease or condition
20
Q
clinical course
A
evolution of a disease
21
Q
acute
A
severe, self limiting
22
Q
sub acute
A
intermediate or between acute and chronic- not as prolonged
23
Q
chronic
A
continuous long term
24
Q
subclinical
A
not clinically apparent
25
epidemiolgogy
the study of disease occurence in human populations.
how it is spread, how to control, prevent, and eliminate
26
disease case
either existing case or the number of new episodes of an illness
27
incidence
the number of new cases arising in a population during a specific time
28
prevalence
measure of existing disease in a given population at a given point in time
29
morbitity
the effects an illness has on a persons life. related to incidence, presistance, and long term
30
mortality
causes of death in a given population
31
cross sectional study
compare prevalence of disease in those exposed vs unexposed
32
case control
compares people with outcome of interest and those know not to have the outcome of interest
33
cohort
group of people who were born around the same time or share characterisitcs
34
primary prevetion
removing risk factors
35
secondary prevention
detecting disease early before symptoms
36
tertiary prevention
clinical interventions that prevent further deterioration or reducing complications of disease
37
cell changes related to nursing
stroke alert- cells dying need to act quick before they die because its irreversible
38
atrophy
cells decrease in size in response to decreased work load or adverse environmental conditions
-cell cannot support its metabolic requirements
-cells smaller size is more efficeint
39
causes of atrophy
disuse (cast), denervation, loss of endrocine stimulation, inadequate nutrition, ischemia or decreased blood flow
40
hypertrophy
increase in cell size leading to an increase in the amount of functioning tissue mass
-cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues
-increase in functional components of the cells to achieve equilibrium
41
physiologic hypertrophy!
normal stimuli ex: increase muscle mass from exercise
42
pathologic hypertrophy!
result of disease conditions
-adaptive or compensatory
43
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells, only occurring in tissues/organs that are capable of mitotic division (epithelium and glandular)
44
physiologic hyperplasia
normal.Hormonal or compensatory (liver regeneration)
45
non physiologic
benign prostatic hyperplasia
46
metaplasia
replacement of one cell type by another cell type- genetic reprogramming in response to chronic inflammation or irritation -substitution of cells that are better able to survive under circumstances in which a fragile cell type wouldnt
47
dysplasia
cells varying in size shape and organization- deranged cellular growth in a tissue- ex. cervical dysplasia
48
intracellular accumulations
buildup of substances that cells canot immediately use or eliminate ex jaundice
49
Tay-sachs disease
lysosomal storage disease (intracellular accumulation)
50
causes of cell injury and death
physical agents, radiation, chemicals, biologic, nutritional
51
free radicals
highly reactive chemical species that establish chain reactions that generate free radicals- damanges cell memabranes, tissues, and DNA
52
reactive oxygen species
oxygen containing molecules produced endongenously by normal metabolic processes (UV/radiation)
53
oxidative stress
occurs when generation of ROS exceeds the ability of the body to neutralize and eliminate ROS (cancer, CVD)
54
hypoxic cell injury!
deprives the cell of oxygen
-interrupts generation of ATP causing failure in the cell
-blood cannot deliver enough oxygen to cells
-brain cells die within 4-6 min without oxygen
55
ischemia(decreased blood flow)
impaired oxygen delivery and impaired removal of metabolic products such as lactic acid
56
reversible cell injury ?
mechanism of cell injury produce sublethal and reversible damange
57
apoptosis (form of cell death)
removal of injured or worn out cells
-genetically programmed degeneraative change that results in cell death
-parkinsons and alzheimers
58
necrosis (form of cell death)
cell death in an organ or tissue
-causes loss of cell membrane integrity and triggers inflammatory response
-interferes with cell replacement and tissue degeneration
59
extrinsic pathway
pathway of apotosis
activation of tumor necrosis factor receptors leading to the formation of death initiating complexes
60
intrinsic pathway
pathway of apoptosis
activated by DNA damage, ROS, hypoxia, decreased ATP, activation of p53 protein
61
liquefaction necrosis
cells begin to liquefy
62
coagulation necrosis
transforms to gray firm mass
63
caseous necrosis
cheesy material by infiltration of fatlike subtances (center of TB granulomas)
64
gangrene
when a larger mass of tissue dies
-dry: shrinks, brown, line of demarcation
wet: cold, pulseless, moist, black, line of demarcation
65
gas gangrene
results from infection (Clostridium bacteria)
usually occurs in open wounds with debris
bubbles of hydrogen sulfide gas in muscle
66
stress response
interactions require that homeostasis be maintained during changes that occur in the internal and external environments
requires feedback controls systems that reulates cellular function by mediating the physical, emotional, and behavioral reactions to stressors
67
feedback systems
negative- most common, functions like thermostat
postive- interject instability rather than stability
68
control systems: sensor
detects the change
69
control systems: integrator
sums all incoming data and compares with normal
70
control systems: effectors
attempts to reverse the damage
71
Hans Selye: Alarm Stage
stimulation of the SNS and HPA axis
catecholamines and cortisol released (flight or flight)
72
resistance stage
body selects the most effective channel of defense
cortisol levels drop
73
exhaustion stage
resources are depleted
wear and tear
systemic damage
74
Selyes stress response theory
describes the positive and negative stressors
coping mechanisms are the emotional and behavioral responses to manage threats to physiological and psychological homeostasis--- due to conditioning internal and external factors
75
neuroendocrine response: catecholamines
norepinephrine, epinephrine
-increase HR, cardiac contactility, relaxatio of bronchial smooth muscle
-decreased insulin release (so there is more glucose for energy)
76
neuroendocrine response: corticotropin-releasing factor
stimulates ACTH release from the anterior pituitary
cortisol- attempts to inhibit the stress response, maintains blood glucose level
77
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates the synthesis and release of cortisol
78
neuroendocrine response: Minrealcorticoid
aldosterone
increases sodium absorption by the kidney
79
neuroendocrin response: antidiuretic hormone
vasoperssin, ADH
increases water absorption, produces vasoconstriction
80
neuroendocrine response: Angiotensin 2
stimulates sympathetic nervous system
activates RAAS- renal retention of water and sodium
81
SNS manifestation of stress
flight of fight response
increased HR and RR
decreased peripheral circulation, cold and clammy
pupils DILATE
dry mouth
decreased blood flow to GI and GU systems
82
allostasis
cumulative effects of chronic stress on health
prolonged stress and release of hormones like cortisol lead to negative effects on immune, CV, and metabolic processses
-inflammation, hypertension, hyperglycemia
-!!! increases allostati load contributes to health disparities in marginalized communities
83
physiologic reserve
the ability of the body systems to incresae their function given the need to adapt
84
anatomic reserve
paired organs that are not needed to ensure the continued existence and maintenance of the internal environment
85
Time affecting ability to adapt
adaptation is most efficient when changes occur gradually rather than suddenly (rapid changes can lead to shock)
86
genetics affecting ability to adapt
genes that cause disease may have adaptive properties (ex: sex- differences in CV and respiratory function)
87
health status affecting ability to adapt
physicla and mental health plays role in physiologic and psychologic reserves
88
circadian rhythm
sleep is restorative- shift work disorder
89
effects of acute stress
alertness, vigilance, cognition, focused attention, appropriate aggression
-life threatening trauma- diverts blood from less essential organs to more
90
stress induced health problems
obesity, immune disorders, diabetes, eating/sleeping disorders, anxiety, depression, ptsd, atherosclerosis, hypertension
91
PTSD
chronic activation of the stress repsonse as a result of experiencing a potential life treatening event
92
characteristics of ptsd: intrusion
occurrence of flashbacks
93
characteristics of ptsd: avoidance
emotional numbing that accompanies this disorder and disrupts important personal traits
94
characteristics of ptsd: alteration in cognition and mood
encompasses negative thoughts and feelings, distorted beliefs about self and others
95
characteristics of ptsd: alteration in arousal and reactivity
presence of increased irritability, difficulty concentration, an exaggerated startle reflez, and increase vigilanc and concern over safety
96
studying physiologic manifestations of stress
ECG, blood pressure, physical exam
97
inflammation (-itis)
a wide variety of physiologic and pathoglic responses intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, remove damaged tissue, generate new tissue
98
inflammatory response
reaction of vascularized tissues to injury (endothelial hyperpermeability(leaking of fluid))
-inflammation localized and eliminate microbes foreign particles and abnormal cells
99
inflammatory mediators
tumor necrosis factor, vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) allows new growth, neutrophils, movement of fluid within cells or interstitial fluid
100
cardinal signs of inflammation
rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain), functio laesa (loss of function)
101
acute inflammation
characterized by exudation of fluid of fluid and plasma, emigration of leukocytes into tissues
-appears within minutes to hours
-occurs before adapative immunity is established
102
causes of inflammation
infections, trauma, immune reactions, physical agents, chemical agents, tissue necrosis
103
cells of inflammation: endothelial cells
barrier between circulating blood in vessels and surrounding tissues
-produce antiplatlet and antithrombotic agents
-maintain vessel patency
-vasodilators and vasoconstictors which regulate blood flow
104
cells of inflammation:platelets
to stop bleeding (plug)
involved in hemostasis
releases potent inflammatory mediators increasing vascular permeability
105
cells of inflammation: neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages
neutrophils arrive within 90 minutes
monocytes and macrophages produce potent vasoactive mediators- they get rid of microorganisms (pac man)
106
cells of inflammation: eosinophils
parasitic infections, allergic reactions
107
cells of inflammation: basophils
contain histamine- binding of IgE triggers release of histamine
108
cells of inflammation: mast cells
degranulation releases histamine, TNF (hypotension, tachycardia, associated with sepsis), Il-16
109
vascular phase
vasodilation induced by histamine and nitric oxide mediators
erythema, warmth, edema
110
cellular stage
leukocyte accumulation to endothelium
chemotaxis: chemokines direct trafficking of leukocytes
phagocytosis
111
inflammatory mediator: histamine
found in mast and basophil cells, involved IgE antibodies, causes dilation of vessels, sneezing, watery eyes, increases permeabiltiy
112
inflammatory mediator: arachidonic acid metabolites
release of AA leads to production of prostaglandins, induce inflammation, potentiate effects histamine, promote platelet aggregation
113
inflammatory mediator: platelet activating factor
induces platelet aggregation, causes bronchospasms, wheal and flare effect
114
plasma proteins
clotting, complement and kinin systems
115
cytokines
TNF, IL-1 released in response to bacterial toxins, endotoxins, dropBP
116
nitric oxide and free radicals
no smooth muscle relaxation, hydrogen peroxide
117
serous exudates
watery fluids, result from plasma entering the inflammatory site
118
hemorrhagic exudates
severe tissue injury causes damages to blood vessels/significant leakage of red cells from capillaries
119
membranous or pseudomembranous exudates
develop on mucous membrane surfaces
120
purulent or suppurative exudates
contains pus- composed of degraded WBCs protiens and tissue debris
121
fibrinous exudates
contain large amounts of fibrinogen and form a thick sticky meshwork
122
