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Advanced Pathophysiology 530 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotes are the cells of which types of organisms?

A

Eukaryotes are the cells of which types of organisms?

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2
Q

__________ cells are larger and have membrane-bound organelles and a well-defined nucleus.

A

Eukaryote

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3
Q

The eukaryotic cell consists of three general components:

A

The plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles

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4
Q

The ________ is the largest membrane-bound organelle and is found in cells center

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

The chief function of the nucleus are:

A

Cell division and control of genetic information

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6
Q

_________ is an aqueous solution that fills the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm (cytosol)

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7
Q

_________ are suspended in the cytoplasm and are enclosed in biologic mmebranes

A

The organelles

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8
Q

________ are RNA-protein complexes that provide sites for cellular protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q

_________ specializes in synthesis, folding and transport and lipid components of most of the organelles and sensing stress in cells

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

Stack of small sacs formed by membranes inside the cells cytoplasm

A

Golgi Complex

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11
Q

Responsible for processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles that migrate to ICF and ECF, including plasma membrane

A

Golgi complex

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12
Q

Saclife structures that contain digestive enzymes

A

Lysosome

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13
Q

These enzymes are responsible for digesting most cellular substances to their basic form

A

Lysosomes

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14
Q

The movement of a solute from an area of a greater concentration area to area of lesser concentration is known as?

A

Diffusion (a type of passive transport)

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15
Q

The movement of water solutes through a membrane because of a greater pressure pushing on the other side

A

Filtration

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16
Q

The force of water pushing against a cellular membrane

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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17
Q

The movement of water accross a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration

A

Osmosis

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18
Q

The amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water is called

A

The osmotic pressure of solution

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19
Q

What type of transport requires expenditure of metabolic energy by the cell’s means of ATP?

A

Active transport

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20
Q

Sodium and ________ are found in virtually all cells

A

potassium

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21
Q

The largest molecules (macromolecules) and fluids are transported by membrane-bound vesicles through the process of __________(ingestion) and _______(expulsion)

A

Endocytosis and exocytosis

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22
Q

In simple diffusion only tiny, NON-CHARGED MOLECULES, are going to be able to go straight through such as:

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide

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23
Q

In ___________ diffusion allows, larger charged molecules such as glucose

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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24
Q

Goal of osmosis is to

A

Achieve homeostasis with respect to water

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25
Q

The basic structure of the plasma membrane is the __________

A

Lipid bilayer

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26
Q

The _______ determines the structure of the membrane

A

Lipid bilayer

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27
Q

Each lipid molecule is polar; or amphipathic: the head is ____________ and the tail is__________

A

Each lipid molecule is polar; or amphipathic: the head is hydrophillic (water loving) and the tail is hydrophobic (water hating)

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28
Q

__________ determine the functions of the membrane

A

Proteins determine the functions of the membrane

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29
Q

_____________ perform most of the plasma membrane’s tasks

A

Proteins perform most of the plasma membrane’s tasks

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30
Q

____________ act as recognition and binding units for substances moving in and out of the cell pores and transport channels, enzymes that drive pimps or maintain ion concentrations, cell surface markers, cell adhesion molecules, and catalysts of chemical reactions

A

Proteins act as recognition and binding units for substances moving in and out of the cell pores and transport channels, enzymes that drive pimps or maintain ion concentrations, cell surface markers, cell adhesion molecules, and catalysts of chemical reactions

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31
Q

Proteins form cellular receptors that recognize and bind with smaller molecules called ________

A

Ligands

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32
Q

________ is the state of cell balance of the processes of protein synthesis, folding and dehydration (protein homeostasis)

A

Proteostasis

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33
Q

Carbohydrates on the outside of the plasma membrane form a coating that protects the cell from mechanical damage and creates a slimy surface that assists in mobility. T/F?

A

True

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34
Q

Carbohydrates function in _______ to ______ recognition and adhesion

A

cell to cell

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35
Q

A cellular function that occurs in all cell types is

A

Metabolic absorption

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36
Q

Movement is performed by what type of cell

A

muscle cells

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37
Q

All cells can reproduce and have continuous division. T/f?

A

F. Reproduction, or continuous division is not a function all cells can perform

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38
Q

RNA protein complexes, sythensized in nucleuous, sites for cellular protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

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39
Q

Cisternae, Synthesis, folding and transport of proteins and lips

A

Endoplasmic reticilum

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40
Q

Helps package proteins and export out of cells

A

Golgi complex

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41
Q

The enzymes of the ________________ , fund in the inner membrane of the mitochondira, gene3rate most of the cell’s ATP

A

respiratory chain (electron-transport chain)

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42
Q

Amphipathic (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) O2 and CO2 diffusion, barrier to diffusion of water, Molecular glue

A

Lipids

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43
Q

________ perform most of the plasma membrane tasks

A

Proteins

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44
Q

The functions of __________ are receptors, transport channel carriers, enzymes, surface markers, cell adhesion, catalysts

A

proteins

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45
Q

The main goal is to minimize protein misfolding and protein aggregation

A

Protein regualtion/Preteostasis

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46
Q

Protection, lubrication, recognition, adhesion

A

Carbohydrates

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47
Q

Bind with cellular receptors to activate or inhibit the receptor’s associates signaling or biochemical pathway

A

Ligand

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48
Q

Cell to cell adhesions are formed on plasma membranse, thereby allowing the formations of _________ and ________.

A

Tissue and organs

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49
Q

Cells are held together by three different means. What are they?

A
  1. Extracellular membrane
  2. Cell adhesion molecules in the cell’s plasma membrane
  3. Specialized cell junctions
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50
Q

The _______________ is secreted by cells and is a meshwork of fibrous proteins in a gel-like substance

A

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

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51
Q

True or false: The Extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a pathway for the diffusion of nutrients, wastes, and other water-soluble substances

A

T

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52
Q

The ____________ helps regulate cell growth, movement and differentiation

A

ECM (extracellular matrix)

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53
Q

The ECM (extracellular matrix) includes three groups of macromolecules: 1 collagen and elastin, 2 adhesive glycoproteins and 3. proteglycans and hyaluronic acid. T/F?

A

T

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54
Q

_______ is a specialized type of ECM that is very thin, tough, and flexible. It is found under the epithelium. of many organs

A

Basement membrane

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55
Q

Another name for basil lamina is? Hint: specialized type of ECM

A

Basement membrane

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56
Q

Cell junctions are he contact between neighboring cells. Hold cells together, provide chemical communication and cell polarity. T/f?

A

T

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57
Q

Cell junctions can be classified as either __________ or __________

A

Symmetric or asymmetric

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58
Q

In Cell to cell adhesions, symmetrical cell, junctions are tight junctions-barriers, desmosomes, and belt desmosomes (unit cells) and gab junctions (communication). T or F

A

T

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59
Q

This process enables uninjured cells to protect themselves from injured neighbors by shutting down communication to stop the spread of disease

A

Gating

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60
Q

Is the inside of a cell more negatively or positively charged?

A

Negatively

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61
Q

Cells communicate in three main ways:

A

(1.) They form protein channels (gap junctions) (2.) They display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact (3.) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell

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62
Q

Paracrine, autocrine, hormonal, neuorhormonal are all primary modes of what?

A

Intercellular signaling secreted by the cells

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63
Q

If cells are deprived of appropriate signals, cells undergo a form of cell suicide known as programmed death or _____

A

apoptosis

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64
Q

Functions as an energy transferring molecule and is fuel for cell survivial

A

ATP

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65
Q

Energy is stored by molecules of:

A

carbohydrate, lipid, and protein

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66
Q

Digestion, glycolysis and oxidization, and the citric acid cycle are phases of _______

A

Catabolism

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67
Q

Chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions

A

Metabolism

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68
Q

Is anabolism energy using or energy releasing?

A

Energy building, it builds

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69
Q

Is catabolism energy using or energy releasing?

A

Energy releasing, It breaks down

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70
Q

Is it good to use lipids or proteins to create ATP?

A

Yes, but it’s not good

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71
Q

Glucose (carbs) and oxygen are the best way to create ____

A

ATP

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72
Q

_______ is the extracellular breakdown of proteins, fats and carbs

A

Digestion

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73
Q

___________ is intracellular breakdown of subunits to pyruvate. Breakdown of glycogen into glucose so that we can use them to create ATP

A

Glycolysis

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74
Q

Four stages of cell cycle

A

G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, M=Mitosis

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75
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis?

A

Remember P-MAT
1. Prohphase
2. Metpahase (m for middle, chromosomes in middle)
3. Anaphase (A for away. Chromosomes start moving away
4. Telophase - Chromosomes all moved on each side, two new nucleus being formed

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76
Q

Metaphase

A

Metpahase (m for middle, chromosomes in middle)

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77
Q

Anaphase

A

Anaphase (A for away. Chromosomes start moving away

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78
Q

Telophase

A

Telophase - Chromosomes all moved on each side, two new nucleus being formed

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79
Q

True or false, only mature cells are capable of division?

A

True

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80
Q

Maturation of cells occurs during a stage of cellular life known as _________

A

interphase )growth phase)

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81
Q

Chemical energy is created through

A

metabolism

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82
Q

__________ is a metabolic pathway that breaks molecules down and releases energy

A

Catabolism

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83
Q

Cells of one or more types are organized into ___________, and different types of the compose organs

A

Tissues

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84
Q

Cells of one or more types are organized into tissues, and different types of tissues compose ________

A

organs

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85
Q

Active transport pushes chemicals against _________

A

gradient

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86
Q

The two main processes of making energy are

A

Glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation

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87
Q

Splits glucose, produces two ATP and two pyruvate molecules. In cytoplasm. One of the two main processes used to make energy

A

Glycolysis (anaerobic oxygenation)

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88
Q

Extracts high energy electrons, and produces water, and carbon dioxide. In mitochondria. One of the two main processes used to make energy

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

89
Q

Hypoxemia (emia = in blood)

A

Decrease in oxygen in the blood.

90
Q

Ischemia (emia = in blood)

A

Reduced supply of blood flow, which mean decreased oxygen and nutrients, arteriosclerosis (narrowing of arteries), thrombosis (clot, complete block)

91
Q

Hypoxia

A

Referring to the tissue (Decreased O2 in air, decrease hemoglobin, heart or respiratory disease)

92
Q

Total lack of oxygen caused by obstruction

93
Q

Does sodium go in or out of cell? How many?

A

Sodium out of cell (3)

94
Q

Does potassium go in or out of the cell? How many?

A

Potassium in to cell (2)

95
Q

Cell injury and death caused by restoration of blood flow and oxygen

A

Ischemia-REPERFUSION injury. Once assembly line broken it doesn’t come back together

96
Q

What is the mechanism that causes reperfusion injury?

A

Oxidative stress, increased intracellular calcium concentration, inflammation, complement activation

97
Q

What causes oxidative stess?

A

Free radicals . Free radicals are angry and looking for electrons

98
Q

Free radical is electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms with an UNPAIRED electron that cause damage to what?

A
  1. Lipid peroxidation
  2. Protein alteration
  3. DNA damage
  4. Mitochondrial effects - unable to produce ATP
99
Q

Cellular injury can be as a result of chemical or toxic injury known as?

A

Xenobiotics (toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic)
- Carbon tetrachloride
- Lead
- Carbon monoxide
-ETOH
- Mercury
- Drugs
-OTC drugs (leading cause of death in children is medications)

100
Q

Strangulation

A

Hanging, ligature, manual strangulation (You met a stranger and he choked you or hung you)

101
Q

Suffocation

A

Choking asphyxiation

102
Q

Biochemical events result in characterize cell injury death including:

A
  1. ATP depletion -> Mitochondrial damage
  2. Oxygen and radical oxygen species start to build up
  3. An increase in calcium inside the cell and loss of calcium steady state
  4. Mitochondrial damage causing loss of membrane potential and cell death
  5. Membrane damage
  6. Protein folding defects
103
Q

The lack of sufficient oxygen in cells is the most common cause of cellular injury.

104
Q

The most common cause of hypoxia is

A

Ischemia (reduced supply of blood)

105
Q

A reduced supply of blood

106
Q

Restoration of oxygen in ischemic states can result in additional injury

A

Reperfusion injury

107
Q

________ have an unpaired electron making the molecule unstable. To seek stability they may form chemical bonds with proteins, lipids, and carbs inside the nucleic acids (DNA) -> causing injury

A

Free Radical

108
Q

The damage effects if free radicals is termed

A

Oxidative stress

109
Q

The following describes what type of stress.
1. Peroxidation of lipids
2. Alteration of ion pumps and transport mechanisms
3. Fragmentation of DNA
4. Damage to mitochondria, releasing calcium into cytosol

A

Oxidative stress

110
Q

The worlds largest single most environmental health risk is

A

air pollution

111
Q

True or false. ETOH contributes to cell injury by altering nutritional status, causing the metabolism of acetaldehyde

112
Q

Most common cause of injuries blunt force injury are

A

MVA and falls

113
Q

Injuries by sharp force are results of cutting or piercing. T/F?

114
Q

Injuries caused by mechanisms that prevent oxygen from entering the body and reaching the cell

A

Asphyxial injuriesA

115
Q

Asphyxial injuries can be broken down into what 4 categories?

A
  1. Suffocation
  2. Strangulation
  3. Chemical asphyxiation
  4. Drowning
116
Q

Activation of inflammation and immunity that follow cell injury or infection produces powerful biochemical reactions and proteins capable of damaging normal cells.

117
Q

How do genetic disorders result in ceullar injury?

A

By altering the nucleus and the plasma membrane (The structure, shape, receptors and transport mechanisms)

118
Q

What substances can be generated during inflammatory response as a result of cell injury?

A
  1. Phagocytes
  2. Biochemical substances (Histamines, antibodies, lymphokines, complement syswtmes, proteases)
119
Q

_________ is caused by a decrease in oxygen in the environment, decreased hemoglobin, decreased RBC, or cardiovascular collapse.

120
Q

True or false: Metabolic derangements can trigger cellular injury, especially cellular accumulations.

121
Q

Intracellular accumulation of substances is called

A

Infiltration

122
Q

Infiltration includes:

A
  1. Excess accumulation of normal substances like lipids, water, proteins, carbs
  2. Abnormal substances that can get in either endogenous (in the body from abnormal metabolism) or exogenous (outside the body like a virus)
123
Q

Endogenous

A

Produces within the body such as from abnormal metabolism

124
Q

Exogenous

A

Derived from outside the body like a virus

125
Q

Protein accumulations injure cells by “crowding” the organelles and producing potentially harmful metabolites . T/F?

126
Q

A type of cell death that occurs secondary to cellular swelling with water

127
Q

This is a result of a failure of the transport mechanisms to regulate water flow into and out of the cell

A

Oncosis (type of cell death that occurs with swelling of water)

128
Q

Certain metabolic disorders result in abnormal inTRAcellular accumulations of carbohydrates and lipids. T/F?

A

True. Primarily in the spleen, liver and central nervous system

129
Q

The storage of glucose

130
Q

An accumulation of glycogen in the cell can have detrimental effects on __________ and _________

A

growth and development.

131
Q

Pigment accumulations can be both endogenous and exogenous.

A

True. Endogenous (melanin & blood proteins) and Exogenous (coal dust or other mineral dust)

132
Q

The accumulation of calcium salts in injured or dead cells. Sign of patholic change

A

Dystrophic calcification

133
Q

Occurs in uninjured cells secondary to hypercalcemia

A

Metastatic calcification

134
Q

Normal Calcium levels

A

8.5 - 10.2mg/dl

135
Q

Calcification or accumulation of calcium is previously damaged tissues

A

Dystrophic

136
Q

Are calcium levels WNL or not when dystropic (accumulation of calcium salts in injured or dead cell)?

A

Normal 8.5-10.2

137
Q

What diseases are associated with dystrophic or calcium accumulation:

A
  1. Ascelorisis
  2. TB
  3. Fat necrosis
  4. liquefactive necrosis
  5. pancreatitis
138
Q

This type of calcification occurs in uninjured cells as a results of an increase in calcium (10.2 or more)

A

Metastatic

139
Q

Are calcium levels normal, elevated or decreased with metastic (increase in calcium to uninjured cells)

A

elevated (normal 8.5-10.2)

140
Q

Metastatic calcification happens where?

A
  1. Interstitial areas
  2. Kidney, lung, gastric mucosa
141
Q

Systemic manifestations of cellular injury initiate what?

A

Inflammation

142
Q

Signs and symptoms of infalmmation:

A
  1. Increased HR
  2. Pain
  3. Fever
  4. Leukocytosis
  5. Serum elevations of plasma enzymes
143
Q

What is atrophy (In cell adaption)?

A

Composition shrinkage and decrease in cell size

144
Q

What causes atrophy? (5 things)

A
  1. Decrease in use
  2. Decrease in blood supply
  3. Decrease in nutrition (starvation)
  4. Change in hormones
  5. Lose innervate
145
Q

Cells form accumulations and release lysosomes that start eating everything. Too many lysosomes create what product?

A

Lipofusion (build up of yellow crap in cell)

146
Q

Spotty liver spots on hand are as a result of build up of

A

lipofusion

147
Q

Is atrophy the same as hypertonic pressure?

148
Q

What is hypertrophy (In cell adaption)?

A

Increase in cell size

149
Q

What causes hypertrophy (In cell adaption)?

A

Increased protein synthesis within the cell, OR a decreased protein breakdown

NOT due to increased cell volume

Cells get bigger like body builder and get a trophy!

150
Q

Where can you expect to see hypertrophy? Or what is hypertrophy patahologic in?

A

The heart, kidneys and others. Heart cells can get too big and it is too hard to pump out blood

IF one kidney has a problem the other will increase in size to help compensate for the other

151
Q

What is hyperplasia (In cell adaption)?

A
  • Increase in cell NUMBER
  • Due to the increase cell division

Can be seen in the prostate, callous/blister from using tools all day

152
Q

What is Metaplasia (In cell adaption)?

A

Replacement of one cell type with another cell type. For example cells may change with a smoker when the have cilia on the cell and then the cells change when the cilia is gone

153
Q

Is Metaplasia reversible?

154
Q

What is dysplasia (In cell adaption)?

A

Dys = This is a problem

Replace a normal cell with an unknown, really strange looking cell

  • Abnormal shape
    -Typical with cancer
  • New abnormal growth
  • Mutating - returning to a stem-like state and replicating oneself into an. unhealthy cell
155
Q

Disease example of atrophy:

156
Q

Insufficient hormonal or neural stimulation can also cause atrophy. T/F?

156
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and microfilaments decrease with atrophy. T/F?

157
Q

Mechanisms predisposing the cell to atrophy(cell shrinkage) include decreased protein synthesis or increased protein catabolism. T/f?

158
Q

Hypertrophy results as an ____________(increase or decreased) size in the affected organ?

159
Q

Hypertrophy can either be physiologic (normal) or pathologic (adverse). T/F?

160
Q

Is physiologic normal or adverse?

161
Q

Is pathologic normal or adverse?

162
Q

_________ is an increase in the number of cells caused by an increased rate of mitosis (cell division)

A

Hyperplasia

163
Q

__________ is the revesible replacement of one mature cell type with another less mature cell type

A

Metaplasia

164
Q

Metaplasia is found in association with what?

A
  1. Tissue damage
  2. Repair
  3. Regeneration

(It is reversible)

165
Q

________ is an abnormal change in size, shape, and organization, of mature tissue cells

166
Q

Coagulative Necrosis is common in:

A

Kidneys, heart, adrenal glands

Protein denaturation

167
Q

_____________ necrosis is triggered by bacterial infections like Staphylococci, streptococci and E Coli

A

Liquefactive

168
Q

Liquefactive necrosis is common in the:

A

Liver and brain. Usually isolated by a granuloma

169
Q

Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive?

A

True. (Think TB - looks cheesy)

170
Q

Fatty necrosis is usually found around?

A
  1. Breast
  2. Pacreas
  3. Other abdominal organs
171
Q

What causes fatty necrosis?

A

Lipase eating the fat.

(Tissues appear white chalky, opaque spots

172
Q

_________ is characterized by a rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the lack of any hallmark features of apoptosis

172
Q

Cell death is classified as either ________ or ________

A

Necrosis or apoptosis

173
Q

________ known as regulated or programmed cell death and is characterized by the “dropping off” of cellular fragments

174
Q

What are the four types of necrosis?

A
  1. Coagulative
  2. Liquefactive
  3. Caseous
  4. Fatty
175
Q

Is gangrenous necrosis a type of cell death?

A

No.

It refers to large areas of tissue death caused by hypoxia AND anaerobic bacteria

176
Q

What structural signs show irreversible injury related to necrosis progression?

A
  1. Dense clumping and disruption of nuclear genetic material
  2. Disruption of plasma and organelle membranes
177
Q

Apoptosis is a distinct type of selective cellular self-destruction that occurs in BOTH normal AND pathologic tissue changes

178
Q

Death by ___________ results in the loss of cells and occurs in many pathologic states
1. Severe Cell injury
2. Accumulation of misfolded proteins
3. Infections
4. Obstruction in tissue ducts

179
Q

Which type of necrosis best describes death of a cell from hypoxia, generally as a result of ischemia in the lower extremeties?

A

Gangrenous.

180
Q

True or False. Gangrenous necrosis typically occurs in the lower extremities when blood vessels are blocked, and ischemia occurs.

A

True!

Then hypoxia starts and the bacteria invade

181
Q

________necrosis results from ischemic injury to the neurons and glial cells

182
Q

_________is defined as the “eating of self”, is a self-destructive process. Kind of like a recycle factory

183
Q

Autophagy can maintain cellular metabolism under conditions of starvation and can remove damaged organelles under stress conditions?

184
Q

Somatic death is defined as

A

death of the entire organism

185
Q

Postmortem changes are diffuse, predictable, and do not involve an inflammatory response.

186
Q

What are the seven stages of death?

A
  1. Pallor mortis
  2. Algor mortis (temp)
  3. Rigor Mortis
  4. Livor mortis
  5. Putrefaction (bacteria released)
  6. Decomposition
  7. Skeletonization
187
Q

Algor ortis

A

Body cools within 12 hours. It helps determine the time of death. Thermometer checked in the liver.

188
Q

Liver Mortis

A

Blood is pulled by gravity. (Bluish purple color from deoxified blood)

Within 30mins- 4-5hours

189
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

Onset 2-4 hours, Complete at 12 hours

Reverses at 24-36 hours

190
Q

_______Dissolution of soft tissues into gases, liquids, and salts.

A

Putrefaction

191
Q

What causes decomposition in putrefaction?

A

Autolysis and bacterial activity C. diff)

192
Q

How long to become a skeleton?

A

3-6 months

193
Q

______ the time-dependent loss of structure and function that proceeds slowly and in such small increments that it appears to be the result of the accumulation of small

194
Q

With aging, lipid, calcium, and plasma proteins are deposited in the ________ walls

195
Q

Deposits of lipids, calcium, plasma proteins deposited in the vessel walls causes serious basement membrane thickening and alterations in smooth muscle functioning. T/F?

A

True. This results in arteriosclerosis

196
Q

Total body weight (TBW) is 75%-80% of body weight in pediactrics?

A

True.

Newborns more susceptible to significant changed in body fluids and DEHYDRATION in newborns

197
Q

The sum of all fluids is in the body weight? Adults at 60%? T/F?

A

True
Fluids found in intracellular and extraCELLular fluids, aka interstitial, intravascular, Transcellular fluids (GI fluids, pleural fluids, peritoneal fluids and urine)

198
Q

How does water move between the plasma and interstitial fluid by osmosis (pulling of water) and hydrostatic pressure (pushing of water) across the capillary membrane?

199
Q

_________ is movement across the capillary wall and is described according to Starling Law

A

Net filtration.

200
Q

The balance between hydrostatic and osmotic forces is known as

A

Starling’s Law

201
Q

Water moves between the ICF and ECF compartments principally with _________ forces

202
Q

________ is a problem of fluid distribution that results in accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces

203
Q

__________ pressure pushes water out of capillaries (FILTRATION)

A

Hydrostatic pressure

204
Q

__________ pressure pulls water into capillaries (REABSOPRTION)

A

Osmotic/Oncotic

205
Q

Edema is related to increased forces favoring fluid filtration (hydrostatic pressure) from the capillaries OR lymphatic channels into the tissue. T/F?

206
Q

Which of the following promote EDEMA:
1. Increased in capillary hydrostatic (pushing) pressure
2. Decreased plasma oncotic (pulling) pressure
3. Increased capillary membrane permeability (escaping)
4. Lymphatic channel obstruction
5. All of the above

A

All of the above

207
Q

What type of tissue binds various tissues and organs together, supporting them in their locations and serving as storage sites for excess nutrients?

A

Connective tissue

208
Q

_________tissue is composed of long, thin, highly contractile cells or fibers.

209
Q

Edema is a problem of fluid distribution that results in accumulation of fluid within the _____________________ spacesT

A

Interstitial spaces

210
Q

There are integral relationship between the balance of sodium and water levels: Chloride levels are generally proportional to changes in sodium level. Tf?

211
Q

Sodium balance is regulated by which hormone?

A

Aldosterone

212
Q

This hormone increases reabsorption of sodium from the renal filtrate into the blood

A

Aldosterone

213
Q

_________ and ____________ are enzymes that promote the secretion of aldosterone and thus regulate sodium and water balance.

A

Renin and angiotensin

214
Q

_______________ peptides are hormones involved in decreasing tubular reabsorption and promote urinary excretion of sodium

A

Natriuretic

215
Q

Water balance is regulated by the sensation of thirst and by _________________( ), which is secreted in response to a increase in plasma osmolality or a decrease in circulating blood volume

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

216
Q

Alterations in sodium and water balance may be classified as isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic. T/F?

Advanced Pathophysiology 530 (3 decks)

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