exam 1

Question 1

the study and art of persuasion
how can we secure others agreements

Answer 1

rhetoric

Question 2

A is a necessary condition for B, if A must happen in order for S to happen

Answer 2

necessary condition

Question 3

conclusion is… probability, persuasion that something is PROBABLY or not true

Answer 3

inductive argument

Question 4

conclusion is … necessity, persuasion that something MUST be or not true

Answer 4

deductive argument

Question 5

the study and practice of argument
what are good reasons for believing?

Answer 5

logic

Question 6

an attempt to demonstrate WHY something is true

Answer 6

explanation

Question 7

at least ONE

Answer 7

some

Question 8

an attempt to demonstrate THAT something is true

Answer 8

argument

Question 9

two statements when one logically means the same thing as the other statement

Answer 9

logical equivalence

Question 10

well developed and nuances argument that takes into account multiple perspectives, evidence and counterarguments. goes beyond simple statements/opinions to provide a deeper analysis of the topic.

Answer 10

complex argument

Question 11

a contention with a single piece of reason for it, or a contention with a single piece of objection to it.
ex: we should go to the store because we are out of milk

Answer 11

simple argument

Question 12

since whenever x has happened in the past y will has happened too
therefore next time x happens y will too

Answer 12

prediction

Question 13

because some things in a group are a certain way, then all things in that group are the same way
A and B both belong to group X and have characteristics P
therefore everything in group X has P characteristics

Answer 13

generalization

Question 14

if two things are similar in 1 way they are also similar in other ways

X is like Y because they share ABC characteristics
X also has F characteristics
therefore Y must have F too

Answer 14

analogy

Question 15

• is a strong and convincing argument that is both valid and has all true premises.
• the conclusion follows logically from the premises, and the premises are all true.
• are considered to be good arguments because they provide strong support for their conclusions.
• it is rational to accept its conclusion based on the premises provided.

Answer 15

cogent argument

Question 16

• weak or flawed argument that fails to provide strong support for its conclusion.
• can be weak for various reasons, such as having false premises, using faulty logic, or lacking relevance between the premises and the conclusion.
• do not succeed in establishing the truth of their conclusions based on the premises presented.
• are not considered reliable or persuasive due to their weaknesses in structure or content.

Answer 16

uncogent argument

Question 17

a logical fallacy. It happens when someone tries to argue that something is right because lots of people believe in it.

Answer 17

appeal to popularity

Question 18

occurs when someone misrepresents an issue by offering only two options (when more exist) or by presenting the options as mutually exclusive (when they are not).

Answer 18

false dilemma/ either or fallacy

Question 19

this fallacy occurs when an argument is based on a body of evidence that is simply too small.

Answer 19

hasty generalization fallacy

Question 20

instead of critiquing someones actual argument, you change or weaken or otherwise misrepresent their argument and critique that argument instead

Answer 20

strawman fallacy

Question 21

occurs when you argue that your conclusion must be true, because there is no evidence against it

Answer 21

appeal to ignorance fallacy