Exam 1

Question 1

What are the characteristics needed to be defined as ‘living’

Answer 1

• Have order
• Adapt to their environment
• Respond to their environment
• Regulate their cellular and body processes
• Grow and develop
• Reproduce

Question 2

DNA encodes…?

Answer 2

Genes

Question 3

Genes encode…?

Answer 3

Proteins

Question 4

Describe transcription

Answer 4

the process of getting a gene to a protein, where the cell produces an mRNA

Question 5

Describe translation

Answer 5

The use of mRNA to produce a protein

Question 6

Which comes first: transcription, or translation?

Answer 6

Transcription

Question 7

Is transcription reversible between DNA and RNA?

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

Is translation reversible?

Answer 8

No! Translation occurs between RNA and the protein, and is not reversible

Question 9

Is a bacterial cell Prokaryotic, or Eukaryotic?

Answer 9

Prokaryotic

Question 10

Are animal and plant cells Prokaryotic, or Eukaryotic?

Answer 10

Eukaryotic

Question 11

What are the 3 key characteristics of a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 11

1. Small
2. No organelles
3. Naked DNA in the cytoplasm

Question 12

What are the 3 key characteristics of a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 12

1. Large
2. complex internal structure with organelles
3. membrane-bounded nucleus containing DNA

Question 13

What are the 5 key characteristics that cells need as basic functions of life?

Answer 13

1. Something to enclose the cellular contents
2. The ability to control the flux of molecules between inside and outside environment
3. Internal matrix for molecules to move in, and components that can perform jobs within the cell
4. Ability to utilise energy
5. Heritable genetic energy

Question 14

True or false: “Cell membranes are semi-permeable”

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Cell membranes have a _____ heads on out and inner edges, and _____ tail in the middle of the membrane

Answer 15

1) Hydrophilic
2) Hydrophobic

Question 16

After breaking down nutrients, energy is converted into ATP. ATP is then broken into _____ so energy can be utilised

Answer 16

ADP - one phosphate removed

Question 17

The interior of the nucleus contains…?

Answer 17

Chromatin

Question 18

Chromatic is made up of…?

Answer 18

DNA + Protein

Question 19

The nucleus plays what significant role?

Answer 19

Houses the blue print of DNA

Question 20

What is the significant of the Nucleolus?

Answer 20

It is where ribosome units are assembled

Question 21

What is the key role of ribosomes?

Answer 21

Perform protein synthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They read mRNA and produce the encoded protein via translation

Question 22

Ribosomes are free in the cytoplasm, and attached to…

Answer 22

the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 23

What is the significance of the rough ER?

Answer 23

It is the site of translation

Question 24

What key feature makes the rough ER viable for translation?

Answer 24

The rough ER harbours ribosomes, meaning it is a major organelle for protein synthesis

Question 25

Briefly describe the process of translation at the rough ER

Answer 25

1. After synthesis at the ER, the proteins are then chemically modified by adding sugars and / or phosphates inside the ER
2. After this, they are then packaged into transport vesicles and transported to the Golgi endo-membrane system
3. Proteins that require processing in the ER include membrane proteins, proteins for secretion, glycoproteins, and phosphorylated proteins

Question 26

How does the cell know from mRNA where the protein needs to go?

Answer 26

Tagging system

Question 27

True or false: “The smooth ER does not participate in protein synthesis”

Answer 27

True