Exam 1 Flashcards
What type of development focuses on the ways in which enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span?
personality
Ethnicity is conceptualized as what kind of concept?
cultural
Which perspective seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors?
evolutionary
Mei Lin learned at a young age that developing good study habits, such as doing her homework, brought about good grades and made her want to work harder in school. What is this kind of encouraging outcome of an action called?
reinforcement
Which developmental perspective assigns a central role to brain functioning in understanding and explaining behavior?
cognitive neuroscience
When an investigator devises different conditions and then compares the outcomes of the participants exposed to those different conditions in order to see how behavior is affected, what is this is called?
experiment
To Freud, “superego” and which of the following would be considered roughly interchangeable terms?
conscience
Which perspective contends that people have a natural capacity to control their behavior?
humanistic
From the humanistic perspective, which term refers to the ability of people to make choices and come to decisions about their lives?
free will
Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development proposes how many distinct stages that take place across the lifespan?
eight
Researchers who use intelligence tests as part of their studies of elementary school students are likely to be investigating what type of development?
cognitive
Roger believes his infant daughter is going through very distinct stages of development and is suddenly, upon turning six months old, able to do far more than she could at 5½ months. This perspective is consistent with which type of approach to development?
discontinuous change
Early developmentalists focused their attention on what?
infancy and adolescence
Which learning approach emphasizes the importance of modeling?
social-cognitive learning
What type of lifespan developmentalist is interested in how a person who experiences a traumatic event early in life would remember that event later in life?
cognitive
A researcher working with college football players is conducting a long-term study to examine an athlete’s decline in physical performance as the athlete ages. What type of development would the researcher most likely be studying?
physical
If a child develops into a person who integrates into society and maintains a good awareness of safety, Freud may say that person has a well-developed what?
ego
What did Jean Piaget call the process by which changes occur in the existing way a child thinks in response to encounters with new stimuli or events?
accomodation
Which of Bronfenbrenner’s five bioecological levels represents overall cultural influences on an individual?
macrosystem
Which of Bronfenbrenner’s five bioecological levels represents overall cultural influences on an individual?
acts as a buffer between the desires of the id and the constraints of the real world
If mothers who carry the AIDS virus are treated with antiviral drugs during pregnancy, what percent of infants are born with AIDS?
about 5 percent
Which procedure is used to detect abnormalities in the first trimester of pregnancy, and involves high-frequency transvaginal probes and digital visual processing?
sonoembryology
How many ova are human females usually born with?
400,000
During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, which term refers to the layer of cells that produces the digestive system, liver, pancreas, and respiratory system?
endoderm
What is the name of the rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs?
chromosomes
During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, the head represents about how much of the total length of the embryo?
50 percent
What is the name of the new cell formed by the process of fertilization?
zygote
What kind of twins are no more genetically similar than two siblings born at different times?
dizygotic twins
Which term refers to studying the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics and behavior?
behavioral genetics
How are the blueprints for creating a person are stored and communicated?
genes
What is the term used for the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present?
dominant
What term is used to describe the fertilized egg during the germinal stage of prenatal development?
blastocyst
Amniocentesis is usually conducted after how many weeks of pregnancy?
15 to 20
About an hour or so after a sperm enters the ovum, these two cells suddenly fuse, becoming one cell. What is this cell called?
a zygote
Which drug, if a pregnant woman is addicted to it, may produce babies who are born addicted to it and who subsequently go through withdrawal?
cocaine
Eric has blue eyes. Because the gene for blue eyes is recessive, what must be true of Eric regarding this trait?
He is homozygous for this trait.
Cynthia’s mother will undergo a procedure to ensure her next child will be free of Fanconi anemia. Which of the following procedures will be used?
preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Three days after fertilization, how many cells constitute the developing organism?
32
What is the term for the procedure of fertilization in which a man’s sperm is placed directly into a woman’s vagina by a physician?
artificial insemination
Which hormone in males do some scientists speculate may lead to differences in male and female brain structure, and later variations in gender-related behavior?
androgen
Newborns are born with innate sensory abilities that they do not have to learn; however, one way they learn about their environment is via which of the following principles first identified by Ivan Pav
classical condition
Which childbirth method is based on the principle that childbirth should be as natural as possible and involve no medication or medical intervention?
Bradley method
Because a neonate’s liver does not work effectively at first, almost half of all newborns develop a yellowish tinge to their bodies and eyes called what?
neonatal jaundice
Which stage of birth is the quickest, easiest, and takes only a few minutes?
third
Which factor is considered a medical condition predating pregnancy?
having diseases such as diabetes and chronic hypotension
How many days after conception does birth usually occur?
266 days
Which factor is considered a behavioral and environmental risk related to pregnancy?
domestic violence
The attending nurse tells an expectant mother that her contractions are approximately 5 minutes apart. Which hormone is in a high enough concentration in the mother to cause the uterus to begin periodic contractions?
oxytocin
Which characteristic is considered one of the features of very-low-birthweight infants?
eyes may be fused shut
When uterine contractions occur approximately every 8 to 10 minutes and last about 30 seconds, which stage of labor is this?
first
Newborns can distinguish different colors, but which colors do they seem to prefer?
blue and green
Difficulties in accomplishing which type of learning signal developmental problems, such as cognitive impairment?
habituation
What is another term for a cesarean birth?
c-section
Infants who weigh less than 1,250 grams or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb less than 30 weeks, are classified as which of the following?
very low-birthweight infants
Which economic class of mothers and fathers is less likely to participate in the Lamaze childbirth method?
lower-income parents
The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics recommends that all newborns be screened for how many disorders (ranging from hearing difficulties to extremely rare conditions)?
29
Each year in the United States, approximately how many infants suffer from disorders that could have been detected at birth with appropriate screening?
1,000
How does the brain of an average newborn compare to the size it will be in adulthood?
1/4 the size
What type of pain reduction during childbirth uses small needles and a system for administering continuous doses of medication to reduce the pain of childbirth?
dual spinal epidural
What term is used for the fine dark fuzz that covers a newborn but soon disappears?
lanugo
Due to malnutrition, a child’s stomach, limbs, and face may swell with water so that the child actually appears chubby, but in fact the child is suffering from which disease?
kwashiorkor
By what age are babies typically first able to walk independently?
12 months
By what age can babies can start eating solid food, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Family Physicians?
6 months
Which disease is produced by severe malnutrition during the first year of life, and causes an infant to stop growing?
marasmus
What is the possible function of the Babinski reflex in infants?
It’s function is currently unknown.
Which developmental principle derives from Latin words for “near” and “far”?
proximodistal
What is the term for repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior?
rhythms
What is the fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses?
myelin
Waking, eating, sleeping, and elimination are all aspects of which aspect of an infant’s experience?
rhythms
Like all cells in the body, what feature does every neuron have in its cell body?
nucleus
A baby’s brain will establish billions of new connections between neurons during which developmental period?
the first two years of life
Why should norms be interpreted with caution?
they can mask substantial individual differences in attainment
Kris and Sara put their infant son Gabe to bed for his regular afternoon nap. When they went to check on him several hours later Gabe was unresponsive and never woke again. Which term is used for this outcome?
SIDS
At about what age can a child first stand alone well?
11 months
What do developmentalists call the average performance of a large sample of children of a given age?
a norm
Mary is preparing to breastfeed her infant daughter, and, in doing so, the baby’s cheek brushes across her mother’s shirt. The baby immediately turns its head toward Mary’s breasts in preparation for feeding. Which reflex is the infant demonstrating?
rooting reflex
What is the term for unlearned, unorganized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli?
reflexes
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that babies sleep on their backs rather than on their sides or stomachs. What outcome is this recommendation intended to avoid?
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Which term describes the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience?
plasticity
As people age, how does the proportion of REM sleep to non-REM change?
The proportion of REM sleep increases whereas the proportion of non-REM sleep declines.
The tertiary circular reactions stage, substage 5 of Piaget’s sensorimotor period, occurs during which age range?
12 to 18 months of age
Which term refers to the placement of material into memory?
storage
Eight-month-old Alexander makes minor changes in his schema each time his environment provides him with a new experience. What does this process represent?
accomodation
Understanding quantitative changes in an infant’s abilities to organize and manipulate information is a cornerstone of which theoretical approach?
the information processing approach
Which term refers to the overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language?
underextension
Rebecca wants her baby to stop playing and crawl across the room to her. Rebecca uses the short phrase “Come to Mommy” to prompt her baby. What is this an example of?
infant-directed speech
Piaget’s “first habits and primary circular reactions stage” occurs during which age range?
1 to 4 months of age
Which term did Piaget use to describe changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events?
accomodation
How would an information processing theorist describe a process that requires a large amount of attention?
controlled
Which term describes Piaget’s sensorimotor stage in which an infant develops schema that include deliberate variations of actions that bring about desirable consequences?
Substage 5:Tirtiary circular reactions
Misha scored at the average level on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, performing at the average level for children of her same age. What score would Misha have received?
100
What is the name for the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences?
semantics
How do information processing approaches to understanding cognitive development compare to Piaget’s approach to understanding cognitive development?
information processing approaches focus on quantitative developments, whereas Piaget’s approach focuses on qualitative developments
What is the major difference between primary circular reactions and secondary circular reactions in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
Primary circular reactions involve activities where the infant is focused on its own body, whereas secondary circular reactions involve activities where the infant’s actions relate to the outside world
Which term describes the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen?
object permanence
Which term refers to the basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words and sentences?
phonemes
Which term describes the perspective that seeks to identify the way individuals take in, use, and store information?
information processing approach
Which developmental assessment technique examines how quickly an infant can retrieve a representation of a stimulus from memory?
visual recognition memory measurement
Melissa is teaching her baby to speak by learning the names of lots of familiar and different objects that the baby sees. What style of speech is Melissa advocating?
referential
Which type of speech typically is directed toward infants and characterized by short, simple sentences?
infant-directed speech
Who was the author of the 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, and argued that humans and primates have an inborn, universal set of emotional expressions?
Charles Darwin
Duane, age 2, and his older brother are eating lunch, and both boys are given cookies for dessert. Duane’s older brother accidentally drops his cookie on the floor and begins crying, so Duane offers to share his cookie with his brother. Duane’s actions indicate he has reached the point where he is able to demonstrate
empathy
When discussing the dimensions of temperament, what is the term used to refer to the baby’s response to a new person or object, based on whether the child accepts the new situation or withdraws from it?
approach withdrawal
What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have a positive disposition, whose bodily functions operate regularly, and who are adaptable?
easy babies
Two-year-old Aretha attends day care five days a week because she has a single mother who works. This means that Aretha falls into the group of close to __________ of children between the ages of 4 months and 3 years who are cared for by other adults.
66 percent
Erik Erikson’s approach to personality development suggests that an infant’s early caregiving experiences are responsible for shaping whether the infant becomes __________ later in life.
trusting
When applying the Strange Situation, cross-cultural evidence suggests that a child from __________ is most likely to demonstrate avoidant attachment.
Germany
Rhonda’s mother is dropping her off at preschool for the first time, and Rhonda’s behavior changes from a calm, happy baby, to a crying, cranky youngster who will not let go of her mother. Rhonda is demonstrating
separation anxiety
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development considers __________.
how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others’ and their own behavior
When an infant uses her or his abilities to interpret others’ facial and vocal emotional expressions, this is called __________.
nonverbal decoding
Eight-month-old Elisha’s crib is located near a large mirror on her dresser, yet Elisha barely ever stops to look at herself in the mirror. On the other hand, her 18-month-old sister, Amanda, stops regularly to gaze at herself as she crawls around on the floor near the full-length bathroom mirror. What is the likely reason that Amanda looks at the mirror but Elisha does not?
Amanda has developed self awareness and Elisha has not.
Infants display a wide range of emotional expressions. Research conducted with mothers of 1-month-old infants indicates __________.
most mothers felt their child had expressed interest and joy
When a child demonstrates the kind of attachment in which the mother is used as a “home base” and the child is at ease when she is present, but the child gets upset when she leaves, it is called the __________.
secure attachment pattern
What percentage of children up to age 17 live with two married parents?
65 percent
According to Erik Erikson, when do we all pass through the trust-versus-mistrust stage?
during the first 18 months of life
Which term refers to knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how the mind affects behavior?
theory of mind
Almost one in __________ children under the age of 18 lives in a low-income household in the United States.
two
According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, who conducted a large-scale study of infants in the New York Longitudinal Study, what percentage of children were found to be “easy babies”?
40 percent
Assunta has a predisposing factor to depression and anxiety. She is concerned that her newborn child may develop these disorders. A developmental psychologist informs her that __________.
high reactivity to unfamiliar situations in infants has been linked to greater susceptibility to depression and anxiety disorders in childhood
Alex is playing in a room with his mother nearby. Alex becomes distressed when a stranger enters the room and rushes to his mother’s side. When his mother and the stranger leave the room for a moment, Alex wails and cries. However, when his mother returns, he runs to her, and instead of giving her a hug, he punches her in the arm. What type of attachment pattern is Alex demonstrating?
ambivalent attachment pattern
