Exam 1 Flashcards
What is Adult Psychopathology
The scientific study of psychological disorders
Qualities of EBP + definition
Research evidence → practitioner expertise → client’s characteristics
(Evidence-Based Practice)
Supernatural Tradition
Deviant = battle of good and evil (religious-based)
moon and stars, possession, exorcisms, lobotomies, salem witch trials etc.
Hippocrates
something in your body is making you feel a certain way: thought women had hysteria bc their uterus were wandering
Galen
chemical imbalance in the brain/fluids in the brain. Galen’s 4 humors
John Grey
birth of US meds and psychology. everything is bc of the body
The 4 Humors
Black bile = depressed
Phlegm = calm
Blood = optimistic
Yellow bile = irritable
Early Treatments: 1930’s
- Insulin shock therapy (based on being “hangry”)
- Brain surgery (frontal lobotomies)
- Electric shock therapy (aka ECT, induces a seizure to reset brain wiring)
Early Treatments: 1950s
- Neuroleptics (antipsychotic)
- Tranquilizers (anxiety)
Consequences of Bio Tradition
- Failed treatments made people believe that some mental illnesses cannot be cured
- Improved diagnosis and classification
- Increased role of science in psychopathology (thank god)
Moral Therapy
emotional ad psychological
Dorthea Dix
Created the Mental Hygiene Movement (don’t lock them up pretty much)
Freud
- Intrapsychic conflicts
- Superego (conscience/moral principals), Ego (logical and rational), and Id (illogical, emotional and irrational)
Humanism
- Think that people are inherently good and strive for self-actualization
- If you’re having trouble in life then your path is blocked
Culture Competence
Important to understand that different people have different backgrounds and to adapt to that
Multidimensional Models
Interdisciplinary and integrative
Polygenetic
When we go looking for the genes that cause mental disorders, there are multiple different genes not just one
Epigenetics
When we see a change in your behavior or look, that relates to a change in the expression of your genes
Diathesis
inherited tendency to express traits/behaviors
Idiographic Diagnosing
Very focused on the individual: getting to know you, and not really the diagnosis
Nomothetic Diagnosing
What does this generally look like, big picture and standardized textbook
DSMI-I and DSM-II
- Low precision
- Based on unproven theories
- Poor reliability
- Very freud forward
DSM-III and DSM-III-R
- Increased criterion specificity and detail
- Multiaxial system
- Low reliability
- Homosexual was a sexual deviation
DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR
- Comprehensive
- Clear inclusion
- Broad characterization
- Empirically grounded
DSM-5
Most notable change is the removal of the multiaxial system
WHAT WE USE NOW
Standardization Assessment
- Consistent use of techniques (everyone takes the same test the same way)
- Provides normative population data (percentile score)
Testing: Reliability
Measurement of consistency and agreement
Types include:
- Test-retest: consistent over time
- Inter-rater: two different people make the same diagnosis on the same person using the same criteria
Testing: Validity
Does the test measure what it’s supposed to?
Types Include:
- Concurrent: at the same time validity.
- Predictive: how likely it is to predict actions in the future.
CAT/CT Scan
- X-rays of brain
- Pictures in slices (moves up and down body/brain)
PET Scan and Functional MRI
- Observing brain oxygen, blood, or glucose
- Reveal metabolic patterns/deficiencies
Advantages and Limitations of Neuroimaging
- Yield detailed information
- Expense
- Lack adequate norms
- Limited clinical utility
