EXAM 1

Question 1

Ethics

Answer 1

Study of morality through philosophy

Question 2

Descriptive ethics

Answer 2

Ethics studied using methods and tools of science

Question 3

Normative ethics

Answer 3

Such for objective standards and norms

Question 4

Bioethics

Answer 4

Application of norms and standards in the fields of medicine and healthcare

Question 5

Autonomy

Answer 5

The ability for someone to determine their own life

Question 6

Nonmaleficence

Answer 6

One should not inflict harm on others

Question 7

Beneficence

Answer 7

One should actively promote the well beings of others

Question 8

Utility

Answer 8

One should promote. More good than harm for all concerned

Question 9

Justice

Answer 9

One should promote fair treatment and individuals get what is due

Question 10

Types of moral theories

Answer 10

1. Theories based on right action- focus on right and wrong actions and our obligations to ourselves and others
2. Virtue based theories- focus on an individuals character or habits

Question 11

Utilitarianism

Answer 11

Theory that was made popular by Mill and seeks to promote utility
More benefits and pleasures for all involved and less pain and suffering

Question 12

Act utilitarianism

Answer 12

Concerned with consequences of individual actions

Question 13

Rule utilitarian

Answer 13

Concerned with following general rules to promote utility

Question 14

Kantian ethics

Answer 14

A system of ethics that is based universal rules that one must follow
Rules are determined through reason alone

Question 15

Categorical imperative

Answer 15

Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that is should become a universal law

Question 16

Virtue ethics

Answer 16

Society’s goal is to promote human flurishing
A goo society would be filled with and promote virtuous people

Question 17

Autonomy

Answer 17

The ability for individuals to practice self governance

Question 18

Paternalism

Answer 18

Overriding an individuals autonomy for their own benefit

Question 19

Weak paternalism

Answer 19

Paternalistic behavior applied to those who cannot act autonomously: children, disable, etc

Question 20

Strong paternalism

Answer 20

Paternalistic behavior towards those who are clearl autonomous

Question 21

Areas of conflict with autonomy and paternalism

Answer 21

1. Refusing treatment
   — previously courts prioritized the paternalistic duty of professionals when the patient had defendants
   —now the courts and medical boarded have shifted to prioritize autonomy over the principle of beneficence
2. Futile treatment
   —arises when a patient demand treatment that will be ineffective or cause undue suffering

Question 22

Problem with truth telling

Answer 22

Based on a conflict between nonmalficence and autonomy

Question 23

Confidentiality problems

Answer 23

Issues arise when considering a patients right to privacy and maintains trust with medical professions vs the duty of nonmalficence

Question 24

Lipkin on truthfulness

Answer 24

Impossible to inform patients with out a medical background in high stress situations

Placebos are a form of deception that is essential to medical practices and research

Question 25

Schwartz on truthfulness

Answer 25

Supports a more truthful it tactful approach
—patients given information about their disease tended to have better end of live care and less time in hospital
—you don’t have to be explicit about the thee details with a patient facing death

Question 26

Rachels on Privacy

Answer 26

Aureus that privacy allows us to maintain different types of social relationships

Question 27

Conditions of informed consent

Answer 27

1. The patient is competent to decide
2. The patient receives adequate disclosure of information
3. The patient understands the disclosed information
4. The patient voluntarily decides on a course of treatment
5. The patient consents to the treatment

Question 28

Faden and Beauchamp’s “The concept of informed consent”

Answer 28

1. Actions related to autonomous agents given their authorization
2. The rules and regulations related to informed consent in medial and legal institutions

Question 29

Informed consent

Answer 29

Authority of a profession based on their knowledge, the patients difficulty of making a decision amidst anxieties related to their illness and professions dedication to altruism