exam 1 Flashcards
major disaccharides
- sucrose
- lactose
- maltose
sucrose
- glucose
- fructose
- sucrase enzyme
lactose
- glucose
- galactose
- lactase enzyme
maltose
- glucose
- glucose
- maltase enzyme
transporters for absorption into the enterocyte
- SGLT1
- GLUT2
- GLUT5
SGLT 1
- glucose and 2 Na+ into the cell
GLUT2
moves monosaccharides through the cell and out
GLUT5
moves fructose into the cell, no Na needed
monosaccharides absorbed via active transport
glucose, needs ATP
monosaccharides absorbed via facilitated diffusion
fructose
enzymes for protein digestion in the stomach
- pepsinogen (pepsin)
enzymes for p digestion in SI
- from pancreas
- trypsin
- chymotrypsin
lipid hormones in stomach
gastric lipase from chief cells
lipid hormones in SI
pancreatic lipase
p hormones in stomach
- pepsin
- gastrin (stim CC)
p hormone in SI
- carboxypeptidase
- oligopeptides
carb hormones
insulin
anaerobic energy systems
- phosphagen system
- glycolysis
phosphagen system
no lag time, 6 seconds, depends on phosphocreatine, limited ability to make ATP so relies on stores
glycolysis
90-120 seconds, depends on glucose
1. 1 glycose = 2 pyruvate
2. Go to krebs cycle
aerobic energy systems
- Krebs cycle
- ETC
Krebs
needs energy to start, form 2 atp
glucose and fructose absorbed into SI at _____ and ____ g/h
60
25
absorbing different sources of carbohydrates during exercise term
multiple transportable carbohydrates
benefit of consuming carbs during exercise
a. Helps stamina
b. Helps the body not use protein (muscles)
c. Helps concentration
carbs for 30-60 min
none (mouth rinse)
carbs for 60 minutes to 2 hrs
30g/h
carbs for 2-3 h
60g/h
carbs for 3+ h
90g/h
how muscle glycogen helps support team sport players
a. Team sport athletes need more stamina
b. Prolonged periods of multiple sprints drain muscle glycogen stores (e.g. glycolysis), leading to a decrease in power output and a reduction in the general work rate during training and competition. Adopting nutritional strategies to ensure that muscle glycogen stores are well stocked prior to training and competition helps delay fatigue
c. Helps with motor skills
post exercise glycogen resynthesis methods
- 1.2 g/kg carbs alone
- 0.8 g/kg + 0.4 g/kg carb and protein
best time to consume carbs and why
a. 30-60 minutes post-exercise to take the most advantage of GLUT4 that is already at the muscle cell and ready to transport glucose from blood to muscle.
major factors that influence glycogen synth after exercise
a. Glycogen synthase as rate limiting enzyme
b. Rapid phase = more GLUT4, insulin independent, more synthase activity responsive to less muscle glycogen content
c. Slow phase = insulin dependent, still synthesizing but at much slower rate
d. More muscle glycogen concentration, less GLUT4 activity
how much glycogen can be stored in both liver and muscle
- liver = 80-100g
- muscle = 300-500g
brief exercise carbs
< 45 mins
none
sustained high-intensity
45-75 m
- 30g or less
endurance
1-2.5 h
- 30-60g/h with MTC
stop and start sports
90 m
- up to 50-60g/h with MTC
ultra endurance
2.5-3+ h
- up to 90g/h with MTC
light exercise daily
- low intensity
- 3-5g/kg
moderate exercise daily
1 h/day
- 5-7g/kg
high exercise daily
1-3h/d
- 6-10g/kg
very high exercise daily
> 4-5h/d
- 8-12 g/kg
