Exam 1 Flashcards
when the author of your textbook, cultural anthropologist Ken Guest, traveled to the remote village of Fuzhou, China, some villagers laughed and said go back to New York! Most of our village is there already! what does this anecdote illustrate
Time-space compression
Through ethnographic fieldwork, anthropologists change not only the lives of those they are studying, but theri own lives as well. Identify ways that fieldwork can affect anthropologists
Ways it does : makes the familiar seem unfamiliar, makes the unfamiliar seem familiar
Not Ways it does: reinforces preconceived ideas about culture, creates ethnology
Anthropology’s cross-cultural and comparative approach involves comparing _________ across cultures to explore _____________, and the potential for human _____________
practices, similarities and differences, cultural expression
What is the global populatioin as of 2020
7.7 billion
what is the projected population for 2050
9.8 billion
An example of particiapant observation
working in and studying corporate offices
living with the Bemba people of Zambia
Not examples of particiapant observation
working in a non-government organization
studying human effect on the environment
the unequal distribution of the benefits of globalization
uneven development
strategies that corporations use to accrue profit
flexible accumulation
The effects that communication nd transportation technologies have on the way we thing about time and space
time-space compression
accelerated movement of people within and between countries
increasing migration
In describing Americans as the Nacirema, what was Horace Miner;s primary intent
to help American readers experience that tension between what is familiar and what is strange
Techniques used by cultural anthropologists
participant observation
ethnology
Techniques not used by cultural anthropologists
excavation
four-field approach
the theory approach that Ignores the dynamics of conflict, tension, and change within a society
structural functionalism
the theory approach that ignores power dynamics
interpretivist approach
the theory approach that is too general and racist
unilineal cultural evolution
Which of the following describes how anthropologists describe the primary way humans adapt to and manipulate their physical and social environments, in light of the human evolutionary past
Cultural adaptation has mostly replaced genetic adaptation
what is epigenetic
the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work.
what are examples of mental map of reality
race and time
what are not examples of mental maps of reality
privacy and money
the ability or potential to brign about change thrugh action or influence, is often related to
power
the uneven distribution of resources and privileges in society
stratification
Emic
understanding a community in its own terms
Etic
viewing a community as an outsider
Identify the force that anthropologists of finance suggest is behind the global expansion of capitalism in the twenty-first century.
circulation of capital
pastoralism
transhumance
agriculture
use of machinery
horticulture
slash-and-burn agriculture
what are the four fields of anthropology
Cultural
Linguistic
Archeology
Physical/Biological
What do we look at in a Holistic Approach to humanity
pre/historical
biological
social
language
Is Anthroplogy old?
no it is relatively new - (developed during colonization)
When did Anthropology become a discipline
around the 1800s
What is anthropology’s sister
sociology
Anthropology approaches
intensive documentation of culture
cross-cultural comparison
exploration of power and agency in cultures
global/local connections
what is culture
system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and insitutions that are created, learned, shared, and contested by a group of people
Is culture shared? is it Contested?
yes and yes
Norms
ways of behaving that are considered appropriate
establishes not only normativity but also non-normativity
Values
Core beliefs about goodness and standards of behavior - US culture and valueing freedom
Mental Maps of reality
How we categorize the world around us
hwo we assign value to different categories=
Developing Culture
unilinear evolution
historical particularism
structural functionalism
interpretivist
The developing culture Historical Particularism looks at
cultures understood within historical context
historical context changes over timea nd shapes cultural development
sees biological and cultural differences as adaptations to different external forces
The developing culture Structural Functionalism looks at
societies are coherent and integrated entities
all parts of society serve a function and work in tandem with other parts of society
living organisms make a balance
ignores change and conflict
The developing culture Interpretivist looks at
culture as symbolic and meaningful
conscious and unconscious behaviors and communicating meaning
power
ability or potential to bring change through action or influence
physical force, legal social hegemony
personal power
pwer as an attribute of a person, emphasiing potency or capability
interpersonal power
power as the ability to impose on another in a social action adn interpersonal relations
organizational power
power that controls the setting in wich interaction may take place
Structural Power
Power that structures the overarching political economy
shapes the social field of action so as to render some kinds of behavior possible, while making others less possible
Stratification
uneven distribution of power - priveleges and resources
hegemony
ability of a dominant group to foster consent and compliance without use of force
agency
power shapes our opportunities but within opportunities we have the ability to choose
Agency has these three things
resisting power
hegemony
acquiescing
nature vs nurture
to waht extent is our behavior a result of our biology/culture
Biological determinism/essentialism
concept that all human behavior is determined by genes, brain size, or other biological factors
Cartesian Dualism
seperation of mind/body
seperation of nature/nurture
gut microbiome and mental functioning
what you eat impact how you think and how you behave
Epigenetics
How environmental factors affect gene expression that is inherited between generations
Developmental systems theory
idea that nature and nurture are not two fundamentally different types of processes
Global Web of interaction
how do you define purdue community
who is included or excluded in this community
where is the community located
time space interaction
the rate of which we can communicate with each other
Ethnography
intense interpersonal interaction over a long period of time
Primary methods of ethnography
participant observation and conversations
participant observations
spending extedned periods of time embedded in people’s lives and actively participating in events (spectacualr and mundane) and systematically observing behavior
Conversations
casual and purposeful
not the same as an interview
attempt to create natural types of interactions
The best way to predict the future is to invent it
1971 alan kau
there is now anyone would want a computer in their home
1977 kan
what is alto
first graphical computer - 1973
Ethnography
the study of human behavior within a culture
Hidden Obvious
insights that are obvious only after you point them out
Mutual Transformation
also called the hawthorne effect
the potential fot he process of research to alter the people/phenomenon being researched
Reflexicithe and postionality
role of the ethnographer and their social positioning
influences the relationship between anthropologist and community
influences the type of data collected
AAA code of ethics
established 1971
modified in years since
institutionazl review board for research on human subjects
Ethics
do no harm
informed consent
anonymity
Anonymity
follow the wishes of the patient
what is economy
not an entity on its own
detached form social and political process
modes of production
foraging
pastoralism
horticulture
agriculture
industrial agriculture
foraging
hunting, gathering, fishing, scavenging
mobile lifestyle
smaller populations
egalitarian or ranked
Pastoralism
humans have a long history of domesticating animals
ranges from mobile communities that tend to herd of various sizes to indeustrialized meat production
Horticulture
small scale cultivation of plants
polycrop - produces wide variety of crops
Agriculture
egan about 10,000 years ago
intensice farming that permantly alters the landscape
monocrop - focus on planting more of fewer crops
Industrial agriculture
agriculture that involves mechanization and mass production
agribusiness = corporate farming
intensive alteration fo the landscape
migration
humans on the move
age of exploration
Europeans leave Europe en masse
globalization and migration
globalization has dramatically increased migration patterns
Major Trends
global south to global north
rural to urban
Regional Migration
Artificial division of worl into geiographical regions
why do people move
economic reasons
ecological reasons
political reasons
social reasons
push factor
factors that encourage people to leave a location
pull factors
factors that encourgae people to go to a location
Bridges and barriers
factors the inhibit or enable migration
cumulative causation
conditions over time that influence a culture of expectation about migration
temporality
seasonal migration?
