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Geology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Geology

A

scientific study of the earth

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2
Q

Origin of the Earth

A

Planetary accretion (pieces of debris smashed together)

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3
Q

Origin of Solar System

A

solar nebula hypothesis (gas cloud, nuclear fusion)

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4
Q

Layered earth

A

Planetary differation (melted earth ball seperates layers into density)

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5
Q

Age of Earth

A

4.5 billion years

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6
Q

Age of Universe

A

13.8 billion years

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7
Q

Layers of Earth

A

crust, mantle, outer & inner core

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8
Q

Crust consists of

A

continental and oceanic

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9
Q

Oceanic crust

A

thin, denser, basalt, less silica

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10
Q

Continental crust

A

thick, less dense, granite, high silica

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11
Q

8 elements of earth

A

oxygen, sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron, aluminum, SILICON

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12
Q

Lithosphere =

A

brittle upper mantle + crust

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13
Q

convecting mantle =

A

athenosphere

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14
Q

lower solid mantle

A

mesosphere

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15
Q

why is earth older than oceanic crust?

A

subduction

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16
Q

Pangea (continental drift) and evidence?

A

Alfred Wegner, same species and rock types/structures

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17
Q

Sonar=

A

goods maps of the seafloor

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18
Q

Magnetometer=

A

magnetic field reversals recorded in oceanic crust

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19
Q

Sea floor spreading

A

Harry Hess, mantle convection and slab pull

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20
Q

Paleomagnetisms

A

seafloor records reversals of Earths magnetic field through previous lava now hardened igneous rock

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21
Q

90% of earths crust is

A

silicon and oxygen

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22
Q

Minerals =

A

naturally occuring, inorganic, solid, orderly crystalline structure, definition composition

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23
Q

Ionic =

A

one atom gives electrons to another, opposites attract

24
Q

covalent =

A

atoms share electrons

25
Q

mineral properties =

A

color, luster, streak, hardness, cleavage, crystal form, specific gravity, magnetism, radioactivity, reactivity w/ acid

26
Q

Mineral groups other than Silicates =

A

sulfates, carbonates, sulfides, halides, phosphate

27
Q

Rock cycle =

A

leave open

28
Q

Rock =

A

a solid aggregate of minerals & possible some other non-minerals

29
Q

3 ways to create magma (melt)

A

1: add water (flux melting), 2: reduce pressure (decrompression melting), 3: add heat

30
Q

“ignis” means what in what language?

A

fire in latin

31
Q

Magma vs Lava

A

Magma = parent material of igneous (molted once cooled), melting rocks INSIDE of earth
Lava = Magma at the SURFACE

32
Q

texture =

A

cooling of magma/lava to form igneous rocks

33
Q

Different types of textures =

A

aphanitic, phaneritic, porphyritic, glassy, frothy, pyroclastic

34
Q

which is fine-grained and which is coarse-grained?

A

fine-grained=aphanitic
coarse-grained=phaneritic

35
Q

intrusive =

A

slow cooling inside earth, phaneritic, never erupted

36
Q

map of seafloor by

A

Marie Tharp & Bruce Heezen

37
Q

Wilson cycle stages =

A

Embryonic-East Africa ^
Juvenile-Red Sea <->
Mature- MOR <->
Declining-Pacific -><-
Terminal-Mediterranean
Suturing-Himilayas

38
Q

Iceland sits on what?

A

MOR and a hotspot

39
Q

What drives plate tectonics?

A

convection, plate density, and slab pull

40
Q

island/arcs are formed by

A

subduction

41
Q

island/chains are formed by

A

hotspots

42
Q

transform faults

A

offset spreading at MOR, shallow earthquakes, plate boundary

43
Q

fracture zones

A

extensions of transform faults, no earthquakes, within a plate

44
Q

Hotspots =

A

point sources of magma, remain in fixed spots for long periods of time, oceanic AND continental

45
Q

how hotspots created

A

1: heat rises from unusally hot zones
2: heat melts tectionic plate
3: magma rises to volcano
4: plate moves over hotspot
5: hotspot melts new spot

46
Q

earthquakes that are deep and shallow are found where?

A

deep= ONLY convergent
shallow = all

47
Q

which is the oldest volcano in Hawaii?

A

Kohala

48
Q

extrusive volcano=

A

fast cooling on surface erupted, aphanitic

49
Q

Glassy finished come from

A

super fast cooling

50
Q

Frothy finishes come from

A

erupted with lots of gas and cooled quickly

51
Q

Igneous Rock Composition and types=

A

magma chamber processes, age, and composition
-felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic

52
Q

color FIMU

A

light —–> dark

53
Q

Silica content FIMU

A

(increasing silica) <——-

54
Q

viscosity =

A

stickiness, resistance to flow
Low vescosity= water, high viscosity= peanut butter

55
Q

what determines the explosiveness of an eruption?

A

viscosity (temp & composition), gas content

56
Q
A

Geology (1 decks)

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