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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Geology

A

scientific study of the earth

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2
Q

Origin of the Earth

A

Planetary accretion (pieces of debris smashed together)

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3
Q

Origin of Solar System

A

solar nebula hypothesis (gas cloud, nuclear fusion)

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4
Q

Layered earth

A

Planetary differation (melted earth ball seperates layers into density)

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5
Q

Age of Earth

A

4.5 billion years

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6
Q

Age of Universe

A

13.8 billion years

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7
Q

Layers of Earth

A

crust, mantle, outer & inner core

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8
Q

Crust consists of

A

continental and oceanic

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9
Q

Oceanic crust

A

thin, denser, basalt, less silica

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10
Q

Continental crust

A

thick, less dense, granite, high silica

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11
Q

8 elements of earth

A

oxygen, sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron, aluminum, SILICON

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12
Q

Lithosphere =

A

brittle upper mantle + crust

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13
Q

convecting mantle =

A

athenosphere

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14
Q

lower solid mantle

A

mesosphere

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15
Q

why is earth older than oceanic crust?

A

subduction

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16
Q

Pangea (continental drift) and evidence?

A

Alfred Wegner, same species and rock types/structures

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17
Q

Sonar=

A

goods maps of the seafloor

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18
Q

Magnetometer=

A

magnetic field reversals recorded in oceanic crust

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19
Q

Sea floor spreading

A

Harry Hess, mantle convection and slab pull

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20
Q

Paleomagnetisms

A

seafloor records reversals of Earths magnetic field through previous lava now hardened igneous rock

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21
Q

90% of earths crust is

A

silicon and oxygen

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22
Q

Minerals =

A

naturally occuring, inorganic, solid, orderly crystalline structure, definition composition

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23
Q

Ionic =

A

one atom gives electrons to another, opposites attract

24
Q

covalent =

A

atoms share electrons

25
mineral properties =
color, luster, streak, hardness, cleavage, crystal form, specific gravity, magnetism, radioactivity, reactivity w/ acid
26
Mineral groups other than Silicates =
sulfates, carbonates, sulfides, halides, phosphate
27
Rock cycle =
leave open
28
Rock =
a solid aggregate of minerals & possible some other non-minerals
29
3 ways to create magma (melt)
1: add water (flux melting), 2: reduce pressure (decrompression melting), 3: add heat
30
"ignis" means what in what language?
fire in latin
31
Magma vs Lava
Magma = parent material of igneous (molted once cooled), melting rocks INSIDE of earth Lava = Magma at the SURFACE
32
texture =
cooling of magma/lava to form igneous rocks
33
Different types of textures =
aphanitic, phaneritic, porphyritic, glassy, frothy, pyroclastic
34
which is fine-grained and which is coarse-grained?
fine-grained=aphanitic coarse-grained=phaneritic
35
intrusive =
slow cooling inside earth, phaneritic, never erupted
36
map of seafloor by
Marie Tharp & Bruce Heezen
37
Wilson cycle stages =
Embryonic-East Africa ^ Juvenile-Red Sea <-> Mature- MOR <-> Declining-Pacific -><- Terminal-Mediterranean Suturing-Himilayas
38
Iceland sits on what?
MOR and a hotspot
39
What drives plate tectonics?
convection, plate density, and slab pull
40
island/arcs are formed by
subduction
41
island/chains are formed by
hotspots
42
transform faults
offset spreading at MOR, shallow earthquakes, plate boundary
43
fracture zones
extensions of transform faults, no earthquakes, within a plate
44
Hotspots =
point sources of magma, remain in fixed spots for long periods of time, oceanic AND continental
45
how hotspots created
1: heat rises from unusally hot zones 2: heat melts tectionic plate 3: magma rises to volcano 4: plate moves over hotspot 5: hotspot melts new spot
46
earthquakes that are deep and shallow are found where?
deep= ONLY convergent shallow = all
47
which is the oldest volcano in Hawaii?
Kohala
48
extrusive volcano=
fast cooling on surface erupted, aphanitic
49
Glassy finished come from
super fast cooling
50
Frothy finishes come from
erupted with lots of gas and cooled quickly
51
Igneous Rock Composition and types=
magma chamber processes, age, and composition -felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic
52
color FIMU
light -----> dark
53
Silica content FIMU
(increasing silica) <-------
54
viscosity =
stickiness, resistance to flow Low vescosity= water, high viscosity= peanut butter
55
what determines the explosiveness of an eruption?
viscosity (temp & composition), gas content
56

Geology (1 decks)

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