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BIO 420 Forensic Science > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Scientific Process

A
  • Observation
  • Ask Question
  • Hypothesis/Prediction
  • Experiment(s)
  • Analysis of Results
  • Conclusion
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2
Q

Paradigm

A

Tested and researched so much that it now is a
foundational concept for understanding systems

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3
Q

Theory

A

Highest level of knowledge in science. Based on hypotheses that withstood multiple, rigorous testing without being disproven

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

A possible explanation for a set of observations. Not a random guess or opinion and is testable.

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5
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Applies general principles to reach specific conclusions.

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6
Q

Inductive

A

Assimilates specific information
to build general principle.

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7
Q

Deduction in Forensic Science

A

When someone fires a gun, GSR
is deposited on hand,
GSR contains nitrates,
Suspect X tested for GSR
positive, Deduction: Suspect X recently discharged a firearm. If the premise is true, the
conclusion must be true.

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8
Q

Archimedes

A

Father of Forensic Science. Calculated Density
(water displacement).

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9
Q

Hans Gross

A
  • Created field of Criminalistics
  • Criminal Investigation 1891
  • Handbook on Forensic Science
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10
Q

Anthropometry

A

The study of Body Measurements.

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11
Q

Density

A

= Mass/Volume
We can measure volume
then calculate density

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12
Q

Alphonse Bertillon

A

Body Measurements. “Father of criminal identification.”

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13
Q

Sir Frances
Galton

A
  • 1892: the lexeme “fingerprint”
  • First definitive study &
    classification of fingerprints
  • 1903: used in US for criminal ID
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14
Q

The Marsh Test

A

Mix suspected fluid (has arsenic)
with sulfuric acid & zinc
↓
Arsine gas is formed
↓
Gas heated & condenses on cold
surface as silvery black deposit.

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15
Q

James Marsh

A

Create Marsh test in 1886.
- Highly sensitive
- Detects even trace amounts
- Visible proof

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16
Q

Toxicology

A

Foundations in 1800s alongside developments in medicine and pathology.
started with Arsenic poisoning.

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17
Q

Karl Landsteiner

A
  • In 1900 founded ABO blood groups
  • Won Nobel Prize (1930)
  • Serology
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18
Q

Leone Latte

A
  • 1915
  • First blood typing test
  • Dried blood stain
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19
Q

Edmund Locard (trace evidence)

A

1877-1966
- “Every contact leaves a trace”
- Significance of physical evidence
- Basis of forensic microscopy
* Founded first crime lab in
Lyon, France 1910

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20
Q

Locard’s Exchange Principle

A

Wherever he steps, whatever he touches,
whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will serve
as a silent witness against him.
Not only his fingerprints or his footprints, but his
hair, the fibers from his clothes, the glass he
breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he
scratches, the blood or semen he deposits or
collects.
All of these and more, bear mute witness against
him….

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21
Q

Locard’s Exchange breakdown

A

This is evidence that does not forget. It is
not confused by the excitement of the
moment. It is not absent because human
witnesses are.
It is factual evidence.
Physical evidence cannot be wrong, it
cannot perjure itself, it cannot be wholly
absent.
Only human failure to find it, study and
understand it, can diminish its value.”

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22
Q

Matheiu Orfila

A
  • “father of forensic toxicology”
    • 1814 scientific treatise on
      detection of poisons and their
      effects on animals
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23
Q

1840 Marie Lafarge trial

A
  • Marsh Test used
  • Landmark case
  • 1st use of science in court
    conviction
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24
Q

Walter McCrone

A
  • Prominent microscopist
    (1916-2002)
  • Many famous cases
  • 1978 Shroud of Turin
25
Q

Calvin
Goddard

A
  • Pioneer of Ballistics
  • Bullet ID via comparison microscope (1920s)
  • Bureau of Forensic Ballistics in NYC (1925)
  • Helped establish FBI lab (1932)
26
Q

Sir Alec Jefferys

A
  • 1986 Colin Pitchfork case
  • RFLP test
27
Q

Services of a
crime lab

A
  • Chemical Testing
  • Trace Evidence Analysis
  • Fingerprinting
  • Firearm Identification
  • Ballistics
  • Serology
  • DNA
  • Document/Voice Examination
  • Toxicology
28
Q

Crime Scene Analysts

A
  • Crime Scene Investigator
  • Crime Scene Technician
  • Evidence Technician
29
Q

Crime Lab Analysts

A
  • Forensic Analyst
  • Criminalist
30
Q

Physical Evidence (CE)

A

Tangible objects-items that are real, direct and not circumstantial. EX. a weapon used to commit a crime, trace evidence found at a crime scene (blood, hair)

31
Q

Testimony (CE)

A

Evidence in the form of witnesses speaking under oath in court. Ex. eyewitnesses, character witnesses

32
Q

Documentary Evidence (CE)

A

Any kind of writing, sound, or video. Ex. A transcript of a recorded telephone conversation.

33
Q

Demonstrative Evidence (CE)

A

Real evidence used to illustrate, demonstrate, or recreate a prior event. Ex. A card box model of the crime scene.

34
Q

Pattern (PE)

A

Pattern Impression when one object comes
into contact with another. Ex. Finger, shoe, tire prints.

35
Q

Weapons (PE)

A

Firearm, knife, bludgeon, and
biological. Ex. parts thereof like casings
and cartridges plus marks they
make

36
Q

Tools (PE)

A

Hammer, pliers, screwdriver,
electronic scales, baggies. Ex. including marks they make.

37
Q

Trace (PE)

A

Minute transfers of materials that
cannot be seen with the unaided eye. Ex.hair, fibers, soil, blood, semen,
paint, chips of plastic or glass

38
Q

Homicide (Ev relate to crime)

A

Weapons, bullets, cartridges, and cross-transfer
evidence (fingerprints, shoeprints, tire tracks, blood,
hair, fibers, soil)

39
Q

Pedestrian hit-and-run (Ev related to crime)

A

Cross transfer on both the vehicle (blood, tissue, fabric,
hair, fibers) and the pedestrian (paint, plastic, glass, tire
and bumper impressions)

40
Q

Arson (Ev related to crime)

A

Ignitable liquids and ignition devices

41
Q

Burglary (Ev related to crime)

A

Toolmarks, broken glass, blood, fingerprints, shoeprints,
tire prints

42
Q

Individual Characteristics

A

Individual Characteristics
Properties unique to an individual item. Such as fingerprints.

43
Q

Class Characteristics

A

Properties common to a group of items. Ex. ABO, caliber, lands, grooves, L or R rifling twist

44
Q

Databases

A

Blood Types*
- Fingerprints
- DNA
- Ballistics
- Paint
- Shoeprints
- Tire tracks

45
Q

Forensic
Databases:
Ballistics

A

IBIS

46
Q

Forensic
Databases:
Paint

A

PDQ

47
Q

Forensic
Databases:
Shoeprints
& Tire Marks

A

SICAR

48
Q

Forensic
Databases:
Fingerprints

A

IAFIS- National
AFIS- State

49
Q

4th amendment

A

unlawful search & seizure

50
Q

5th amendment

A

Self-incrimination

51
Q

14th amendment

A

due process

52
Q

Landlords

A
  • Police can enter a property and conduct a search without a warrant if the current tenant gives consent to do so.
  • Police can enter a property without permission from the tenant if they have a proper search warrant signed by a judge (landlord is obligated to allow them to enter)
53
Q

Stages of crime scene processing

A
  • Discovery
  • Documentation
  • Collection
  • Storage
  • Transfer
  • Analysis
54
Q

Chain of custody

A

Evidence collected and stored properly
All people who possessed evidence item
Valid receipts for transfer.

55
Q

Voir dire

A

Examination of a witness (qualifications)
or a juror (fair and impartial)

56
Q

Frye v. U.S. 1923

A

Established the first standard for admissibility of
scientific evidence.

57
Q

Dissecting (Stereoscope)

A

Has
10 -25x magnification considering objective
(usually 3-5x) and ocular (10-15x)

58
Q

Becke Line

A

Appears as a
bright halo around outside
of a glass fragment when
the liquid has lower RI than
the glass, whereas the
Becke Line would be on the
inside of the glass when the
liquid has higher RI

BIO 420 Forensic Science (1 decks)

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