Exam 1

Question 1

cannot feel lower leg muscles but can move them. lower legs do not respond to stretch reflex testing and therfore walking is compromised.

Answer 1

dorsal spinal root, lumbar/sacral

Question 2

cannot move or feel quadriceps. muscles do not respond to stretch reflex testing. can move and feel hamstrings.

Answer 2

peripheral nerve in quadriceps

Question 3

cannot feel anything from the hands, but can move them fine, sign their name well and hands rspond to reflexes.

Answer 3

sensory humoculi at hand.

Question 4

uncoordinated in every motor test given. can move all muscles, but movements are shaky and inaccurate.

Answer 4

cerebellum

Question 5

arms and fingers work well, no upper extremity problems. can stand still, but can’t control hamstrings or toes very well when trying to walk. brain scan normal.

Answer 5

lateral cortical spinal tract.

Question 6

their heart rate is too slow and cant speed up

Answer 6

sympathetic innervation of the heart

Question 7

person can notice that sounds and smells are changing, but can’t indentify the musci or smells. cant understand instructions. sound and smell reflexes are intact. eyes work, but can’t identify people in pictures.

Answer 7

parietal lobe-processing

Question 8

can’t plan tasks. reflexes work fine. can perform very simple tasks but no complex movements. does not perform well when given instructions to perform a movement.

Answer 8

prefrontal cortex.

Question 9

the subject died

Answer 9

brain stem

Question 10

can feel the entire body accurately. cannot moves toes or bladder and they dont respond to reflex testing.

Answer 10

lumbar spinal, ventral root

Question 11

cannot move or feel anything below the waist. lower body and pelvic reflexes work correctly. brain scan in normal.

Answer 11

white mater, thoracic level

Question 12

how does rubbing your arm after you bump into the wall make it hurt less?

Answer 12

it activates the large nerve fibers which inhibits pain, which then reduces small fiber pain input.

Question 13

what is the primary difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

Answer 13

the somatic nervous system has sensory and motor pathways while the autonomic only has motor pathways. the autonomic is involuntary movements while the somatic is voluntary. automic then has the parasympathetic and sympatheic nervous systems. autonomic has pre and post ganglionic neurons that connect to the central nervous system.

Question 14

what are the primary sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmitters?

Answer 14

parasympathetic: acetylcholine
sympathetic: norepinephrine

Question 15

what is the most important specific neuroanatomical structure involved in motor control?

Answer 15

motor neuron

Question 16

what are the four tpes of information that all sensory systems convey?

Answer 16

locaation, timing, intensity, modality

Question 17

explain the concept of temporal summation

Answer 17

converts many rapid weak pulses into one large signal. increase frequency of firing-> strength of the signal related to firing frequency.

Question 18

identify the 2 types of photoreceptors and compare their four most important characteristics.

Answer 18

rods: light sensitive, not in fova, slower, fine tunes corrections in vision.
cones: color sensitive, in fova, faster, three tyrpes-red, blue, green

Question 19

sternocleidomastoid

Answer 19

neck flexion

Question 20

a muscle that crosses on the medial side of the hip joint

Answer 20

adduction of the leg

Question 21

external oblique muscles

Answer 21

flexion of vertebral column. rotation and lateral bending of the trunk.

Question 22

a muscle that crosses on the posterior side of the elbow joint

Answer 22

elbow extension

Question 23

an antagonist to the gastrocnemius

Answer 23

dorsiflexes the foot

Question 24

gluteus maximus

Answer 24

hip extension

Question 25

extensor carpi radialis

Answer 25

extends wrist and abducts hand

Question 26

fibularis muscles

Answer 26

eversion and plantar flexion of the foot

Question 27

frontalis

Answer 27

raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

Question 28

obiculoris oculi

Answer 28

closes eye, squinting, blinking

Question 29

obiculoris oris

Answer 29

closes mouth, protrudes lips

Question 30

zygomaticus

Answer 30

smiling

Question 31

masseter

Answer 31

closes jaw

Question 32

external intercostals

Answer 32

elevate and expand the rib cage. inhalation

Question 33

internal intercostals

Answer 33

compresses the rib cage. exhalation

Question 34

rectus abdominis

Answer 34

flexes the vertebral column

Question 35

transverse abdominis

Answer 35

compresses abdominal.

Question 36

deltoid

Answer 36

abducts arm

Question 37

pectoralis major

Answer 37

adducts and flexes humerus

Question 38

trapezius

Answer 38

raises, retracts, and rotates scapula

Question 39

latissumus dorsi

Answer 39

extends and adducts humerus

Question 40

biceps brachii

Answer 40

flexes elbow and supinates forearm

Question 41

brachialis

Answer 41

flexes elbow

Question 42

brachioradialis

Answer 42

flexes elbow

Question 43

triceps brachii

Answer 43

extends elbow

Question 44

flexor capri ulnaris

Answer 44

flexes wrist and adducts hand

Question 45

flexor digitorum superficialis

Answer 45

flexes wrist and finegrs

Question 47

flexor carpi radialis

Answer 47

flexes wrist and abducts hand

Question 48

extensor digitorum

Answer 48

extends fingers

Question 49

gluteus medius

Answer 49

abducts thigh

Question 50

iliopsoas

Answer 50

flexes hip

Question 51

adductor muslces

Answer 51

adducts and medially rotates the thigh

Question 52

hamstring group

Answer 52

flexes knee and extends hip

Question 53

sartorius

Answer 53

flexes hip and knee

Question 54

quadriceps group

Answer 54

extends the knee and flexes hip

Question 55

tibialis anterior

Answer 55

dorsiflexes and inverts foot

Question 56

extensor digitorum longus

Answer 56

extends toes

Question 57

fibularis muscles

Answer 57

plantar flex and evert foot

Question 58

gastrocnemius

Answer 58

flexes knee, plantar flexes foot

Question 59

ehat bones are attachedd to the distal end of the humerus?

Answer 59

ulna and radius

Question 60

what are the tru ribs attached to anteriorly?

Answer 60

the sternum

Question 61

what is superior to the most superior lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 61

thoracic rib cage/vertebrae

Question 62

what do the metatarsals articulate with on the posterior side?

Answer 62

tarsals

Question 63

in anatomical position, which finger is most lateral?

Answer 63

thumb

Question 64

which is more inferior: the cephalic region or the cervical region?

Answer 64

cervical

Question 65

which of the following are true abiut the functions of organ systems in the body?

Answer 65

-the cardiovascular systems primary function is to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the organ of the body. -the primary function of the respiratory system is to acquire oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.

Question 66

which of the folllowing are true about body tissues?

Answer 66

-bone, catilage, and blood are classes (types) of connective tissue. -schwann cells, which produce myelin, are a component of nervous tissue

Question 67

which of the following about bone growth and remodeling are true?

Answer 67

-ossification in an embryo involves laying down bone matrix on a hyaline cartilage template. -osteoclasts are bone destroying cells -osteoblasts are bone remodeling cells -bone remodeling can occur due to changes in mechanical stresses on the bone or to regulate blood levels of calcium ions

Question 68

which of the following are tue about joints?

Answer 68

-synovial joints are enclosed within an articular capsule containing lubricating fluid. -the hip joint is an example of a ball and socket joint

Question 69

which receptor transduces muscle position?

Answer 69

muscle spindle

Question 70

which receptor transduces muscle force?

Answer 70

golgi tendon organ

Question 71

why are EMG amplitudes greater than ENG amplitudes?

Answer 71

there is a greater ion flow

Question 72

what are the neural circuits called that generate rythmic patterns without needing rythmic inputs?

Answer 72

central pattern generator

Question 73

which neuroanatomical structure evaluates the difference between motor intent and action and what is the relative ratio of axons entering compared to those leaving?

Answer 73

cerebellum. 40 times more axons entering than leaving

Question 74

diameter of motor neuron

Answer 74

40-50 micrometers

Question 75

diameter of a motor neurons axon

Answer 75

15-20 micrometers

Question 76

glycolytic metabolism

Answer 76

the muscles in a larger motor unit get fatigued much faster than the muscles in a smaller motor unit

Question 77

diameeter of nerve fasicle containing the motorneuron axon

Answer 77

1 mm

Question 78

1 million axons descend from the motor cortex to the spinal cord in the

Answer 78

corticospinal tracts