Exam 1 Flashcards
cannot feel lower leg muscles but can move them. lower legs do not respond to stretch reflex testing and therfore walking is compromised.
dorsal spinal root, lumbar/sacral
cannot move or feel quadriceps. muscles do not respond to stretch reflex testing. can move and feel hamstrings.
peripheral nerve in quadriceps
cannot feel anything from the hands, but can move them fine, sign their name well and hands rspond to reflexes.
sensory humoculi at hand.
uncoordinated in every motor test given. can move all muscles, but movements are shaky and inaccurate.
cerebellum
arms and fingers work well, no upper extremity problems. can stand still, but can’t control hamstrings or toes very well when trying to walk. brain scan normal.
lateral cortical spinal tract.
their heart rate is too slow and cant speed up
sympathetic innervation of the heart
person can notice that sounds and smells are changing, but can’t indentify the musci or smells. cant understand instructions. sound and smell reflexes are intact. eyes work, but can’t identify people in pictures.
parietal lobe-processing
can’t plan tasks. reflexes work fine. can perform very simple tasks but no complex movements. does not perform well when given instructions to perform a movement.
prefrontal cortex.
the subject died
brain stem
can feel the entire body accurately. cannot moves toes or bladder and they dont respond to reflex testing.
lumbar spinal, ventral root
cannot move or feel anything below the waist. lower body and pelvic reflexes work correctly. brain scan in normal.
white mater, thoracic level
how does rubbing your arm after you bump into the wall make it hurt less?
it activates the large nerve fibers which inhibits pain, which then reduces small fiber pain input.
what is the primary difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
the somatic nervous system has sensory and motor pathways while the autonomic only has motor pathways. the autonomic is involuntary movements while the somatic is voluntary. automic then has the parasympathetic and sympatheic nervous systems. autonomic has pre and post ganglionic neurons that connect to the central nervous system.
what are the primary sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmitters?
parasympathetic: acetylcholine
sympathetic: norepinephrine
what is the most important specific neuroanatomical structure involved in motor control?
motor neuron
what are the four tpes of information that all sensory systems convey?
locaation, timing, intensity, modality
explain the concept of temporal summation
converts many rapid weak pulses into one large signal. increase frequency of firing-> strength of the signal related to firing frequency.
identify the 2 types of photoreceptors and compare their four most important characteristics.
rods: light sensitive, not in fova, slower, fine tunes corrections in vision.
cones: color sensitive, in fova, faster, three tyrpes-red, blue, green
sternocleidomastoid
neck flexion
a muscle that crosses on the medial side of the hip joint
adduction of the leg
external oblique muscles
flexion of vertebral column. rotation and lateral bending of the trunk.
a muscle that crosses on the posterior side of the elbow joint
elbow extension
an antagonist to the gastrocnemius
dorsiflexes the foot
gluteus maximus
hip extension
extensor carpi radialis
extends wrist and abducts hand
fibularis muscles
eversion and plantar flexion of the foot
frontalis
raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead
obiculoris oculi
closes eye, squinting, blinking
obiculoris oris
closes mouth, protrudes lips
zygomaticus
smiling
masseter
closes jaw
external intercostals
elevate and expand the rib cage. inhalation
internal intercostals
compresses the rib cage. exhalation
rectus abdominis
flexes the vertebral column
transverse abdominis
compresses abdominal.
deltoid
abducts arm
pectoralis major
adducts and flexes humerus
trapezius
raises, retracts, and rotates scapula
latissumus dorsi
extends and adducts humerus
biceps brachii
flexes elbow and supinates forearm
brachialis
flexes elbow
brachioradialis
flexes elbow
triceps brachii
extends elbow
flexor capri ulnaris
flexes wrist and adducts hand
flexor digitorum superficialis
flexes wrist and finegrs
flexor carpi radialis
flexes wrist and abducts hand
extensor digitorum
extends fingers
gluteus medius
abducts thigh
iliopsoas
flexes hip
adductor muslces
adducts and medially rotates the thigh
hamstring group
flexes knee and extends hip
sartorius
flexes hip and knee
quadriceps group
extends the knee and flexes hip
tibialis anterior
dorsiflexes and inverts foot
extensor digitorum longus
extends toes
fibularis muscles
plantar flex and evert foot
gastrocnemius
flexes knee, plantar flexes foot
ehat bones are attachedd to the distal end of the humerus?
ulna and radius
what are the tru ribs attached to anteriorly?
the sternum
what is superior to the most superior lumbar vertebrae?
thoracic rib cage/vertebrae
what do the metatarsals articulate with on the posterior side?
tarsals
in anatomical position, which finger is most lateral?
thumb
which is more inferior: the cephalic region or the cervical region?
cervical
which of the following are true abiut the functions of organ systems in the body?
-the cardiovascular systems primary function is to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the organ of the body.
-the primary function of the respiratory system is to acquire oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
which of the folllowing are true about body tissues?
-bone, catilage, and blood are classes (types) of connective tissue.
-schwann cells, which produce myelin, are a component of nervous tissue
which of the following about bone growth and remodeling are true?
-ossification in an embryo involves laying down bone matrix on a hyaline cartilage template.
-osteoclasts are bone destroying cells
-osteoblasts are bone remodeling cells
-bone remodeling can occur due to changes in mechanical stresses on the bone or to regulate blood levels of calcium ions
which of the following are tue about joints?
-synovial joints are enclosed within an articular capsule containing lubricating fluid.
-the hip joint is an example of a ball and socket joint
which receptor transduces muscle position?
muscle spindle
which receptor transduces muscle force?
golgi tendon organ
why are EMG amplitudes greater than ENG amplitudes?
there is a greater ion flow
what are the neural circuits called that generate rythmic patterns without needing rythmic inputs?
central pattern generator
which neuroanatomical structure evaluates the difference between motor intent and action and what is the relative ratio of axons entering compared to those leaving?
cerebellum. 40 times more axons entering than leaving
diameter of motor neuron
40-50 micrometers
diameter of a motor neurons axon
15-20 micrometers
glycolytic metabolism
the muscles in a larger motor unit get fatigued much faster than the muscles in a smaller motor unit
diameeter of nerve fasicle containing the motorneuron axon
1 mm
1 million axons descend from the motor cortex to the spinal cord in the
corticospinal tracts
