Exam 1 Flashcards
Experimental Design
- one control, rest are variables
- as the researcher manipulates the variable(s), an effort or outcome can be observed
- typically natural sciences
Non-experimental Design
- does not involve the manipulation of variables
- involves the description and study of variables
- typically in the humanities and social sciences
What is the nature of the philosophical premise of the natural sciences - are there problems/issues with it considering science is trying to rely on an objective methodology
Scientific-philosophical position: “The world has form and structure independent of differences between individual observers
How do researchers control for researcher bias?
Train experimenters well, use standardization, set up “blind” research
What are the 3 basic stages of all academic research?
Ask Questions, Observation, Constructing Answers
What is the social construction of meaning
involves the way in which symbols take on meaning in a social context or society as they are used over time
What are communication frames?
basic forms of knowledge that provide a definition of a scenario, either because both people agree on the nature of the situation or because the cultural assumptions built into the interaction and the previous relational context of talk give them a clue
How do we use communication frames to communicate
they draw a boundary around the conversation and pulls our attention toward certain things and away from others
What is communication as an action?
the act of sending messages – whether or not they are received
“linear” communication
example: mass media (newspaper, television, movies, web pages, public art, inscriptions)
What is communication as an interaction
the exchange of information between two (or more) individuals
“linear” + “feedback” communication
example: email, texting, mail, telegraph
what is communication as a transaction
the construction of shared meanings or understandings between two (or more) individuals
simultaneous & immediate use of communication
example: face to face interpersonal communication of friends, family, co-workers, and romantic partners
Denotative
the general meaning of a word; the meaning or meanings appearing next to each word in the dictionary
this provides clarity
What is Duck’s version of denotation?
the identification of something by pointing it out
What did Filbel add to denotation
convention meaning (something we all share; not really thought about, meaning happens between people)
Connotation
the over tones and implications associated with a word or object
What is Duck’s version of connotation?
the overtones, implications, or additional meanings associated with a word or object
What did Filbel add to connotation
emotional and experimental meanings we add to denotative meanings
this provides motivation
used to move your audiences, to persuade, to give them feeling
What are symbols?
they are arbitrarily selected representations of something with no direct connection to that which they represent
constitutive approach to communication
the idea that communication can create or bring into existence something that has not been there before, such as an agreement, a contract, or an identity
What is the interpretivist approach to communication?
This approach believes that multiple realities are created symbolically, thereby requiring communication to be studied in a subjective manner
What is the critical approach to communication?
This approach focuses on how power is constructed, challenged, and maintained through communication, thereby seeking to identify the hidden but powerful structures and practices that create or uphold disadvantage, inequality, or oppression of one subgroup of society by any other
historiography
the study of the persuasive effect of writing history in particular ways and the reasons why particular reports and analyses are offered by specific authors
Rhetoric and Rhetorical Criticism
a major area of formal discipline that developed student learning beyond the actual creation and delivery of a speech. It also enabled students to describe, interpret, and evaluate the spoken word.
Interpersonal Communication
Studies the interactions between people. Had a rough history because those who studied it could not find an academic “home” to put this into.
