Exam 1 Flashcards
Auburn System
AKA the Congregate system; originated in New York with the establishment of Auburn Prison in 1816. Prisoners worked together during the day but were held in solitary confinement during the evening. Most adopted model in the States due to economic gains.
Banishment
Exile from society; early method of punishment for criminal activity.
Big House Prisons
Typically large stone structures with brick walls, guard towers, and checkpoints throughout the facility.
Black Codes
Separate laws were required for slaves and free men who turned criminal.
Branding
Usually on the thumb with a letter denoting the offense; early method of punishment for criminal activity.
Brutalization Hypothesis
The belief that the use of harsh punishments sensitizes people to violence and teaches them to use it.
Classical Criminology
Emphasized that punishments must be useful, purposeful, and reasonable.
Code of Hammurabi
The earliest known written code punishment; an “eye for eye.”
Contract Labor System
Utilized inmate labor through state-negotiated contracts with private manufacturers.
Corrections
A process whereby practitioners engage in organized security and treatment functions to correct criminal tendencies among the offender population.
Crime Control Model
An approach to crime that increased the use of longer sentences, the death penalty, and intensive supervision probation.
Determinate Sentences
Consists of fixed periods of incarceration with no later flexibility in the term that is served.
Eastern State Penitentiary
Part of the Pennsylvania system located near Philadelphia; prisoners were held in solitary confinement with labor.
Elmira Reformatory
Opened in 1876 as the first reformatory prison; used the mark system, which is indeterminate.
Great Law
Correctional thinking and reform in Pennsylvania occurred due to the work of William Penn and the Quakers; hard labor instead of the death penalty and loss of liberty as punishment.
