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Animal Cognition > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Humans belong to the order… the group that contains lemurs, arises, galagos, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes.

A

Primates

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2
Q

We are one of the five extant species of … - chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, humans

A

Greater Apes

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3
Q

Humans and … cohabitated and procreated at some point in time

A

Neanderthals

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4
Q

The ____ method - comparing a cognitive trait in several closely related species

A

comparative

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5
Q

______ hide food and must remember where they stored it to survive

A

Corvids

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6
Q

How do we test spatial memory in corvids?

A

through examining caching (food storing)

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7
Q

Which environmental pressures influenced caching behavior and ability to recall locations with corvids?

A

high/low altitude, low temps, limited food supply

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8
Q

Why do male meadow voles have a larger hippocampus than their counterparts?

A

They are polygynous, therefore they have a greater home range & need to navigate, while females are expected to stay home

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9
Q

A suite of correlated behaviors that are consistent in an individual across multiple situations?

A

behavior syndrome

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10
Q

mammals and birds have a very ____ brain for their body size

A

large

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11
Q

reptiles, fish, ells have a much _____ brain size than mammals and birds

A

smaller

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12
Q

evolutionary increase in the complexity or relative size of the brain, a shift of function from non-cortical parts to the cortex?

A

encephalization

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13
Q

_______ _______ - the ratio between brain mass and predicted brain mass for animal of any given size

A

encephalization quotient

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14
Q

birds with social and tool-using abilities have a ____ ______

A

High EQ (encephalization quotient)

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15
Q

the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages, usually due to similar eco. evolutionary pressures

A

convergent evolution

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16
Q

traits arising through convergent evolution

A

analogous traits

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17
Q

similarity in species of different ancestry due to convergent evolution

A

homoplasy

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18
Q

Webbed feet are an example of …

A

convergent evolution - analogous traits

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19
Q

The hummingbird moth and hummingbird are an example of _________ in evolution.

A

homoplasy

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20
Q

morphological, behavioral, physiological, cognitive traits associated w/ ecological demands particular to a species/group of species

A

adaptive specialization

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21
Q

beaks of finches were observed to be different depending on …

A

which food they eat

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22
Q

evolution and movement of an animal into a wide variety of types adapted to specialized modes of life

A

adaptive radiation

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23
Q

Nuts died out from a drought, leaving smaller nuts. What will happen to the finches’ beaks over time?

A

their beaks will gradually become smaller to access smaller nuts

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24
Q

Comparative embryology shows that _____ and _____ embryos are extremely similar until a certain age.

A

Pig and human

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25
Q

Pre-industrial revolution, trees were lighter. After, trees became more sooty. What will happen to a light peppered moth?

A

The moth will adapt to be darker to blend with the trees.

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26
Q

____ breeding is the fastest example of artificial selection

A

dog

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27
Q

when genes replicate and there are mistakes caused in copying

A

random mutations

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28
Q

model of evolution where speciation is slow, uniform, and gradual

A

phyletic gradualism

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29
Q

proposes most species will exhibit little change for most of geological history, then rapid changes occur that are associated with rare geological events

A

punctuated equilibrium

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30
Q

false belief that evolution strives to create a perfect being

A

evolutionary progressivism

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31
Q

perceptions begin with units of sensation, emphasis on components over the whole; the environment grabs our attention then we respond

A

bottom-up

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32
Q

focus on how experiences and knowledge are critical in forming perceptions, our goals influence what we are processing

A

top-down

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33
Q

If we see a spider on the ground and jump, what is this an example of ?

A

bottom-up processing

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34
Q

If we see a spider on the ground and walk away, knowing it won’t cause harm, what is this an example of?

A

top-down processing

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35
Q

how we combine features of objects to detect object forms, textures, targets, boundaries

A

feature integration theory

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36
Q

______ stage - when target shares many features with the background; search for target is serial, adding more distractors will increase search time

A

attentive

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37
Q

searching all at once; reaction time doesn’t increase even when numbers of distractors in display increase

A

parallel processing

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38
Q

looking from item to item; reaction time to finding target increases as number of distractors increases

A

serial processing

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39
Q

If a bright yellow pen is dropped on a gray floor, this would be an example of …

A

parallel processing

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40
Q

When you are looking for Froot Loops in the cereal aisle, this is an example of …

A

serial processing

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41
Q

performance facilitated by presenting a cue that has been associated w/ the target

A

associative priming

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42
Q

having a mental image of what prey should look like enhances the ability to detect matching items

A

search image

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43
Q

tendency for different individuals of the same species to have markedly different colors or patterns

A

polymorphism

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44
Q

Animals must constantly switch between foraging for food and examining their surroundings for predators. both cannot be done simultaneously. this is an example of…

A

divided attention

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45
Q

an individual can spend more time foraging while others are available to warn them

A

shared vigilance

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46
Q

meerkats will find the highest point of an area and show guarding behaviors, __________ survival of other group members

A

increasing

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47
Q

Birds or fish will flock/swim in groups of menacing patterns to fend off prey. Example of?

A

dilution effect

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48
Q

______ neurons collect info from external stimuli such as light waves, sound waves, chemicals, pressure

A

sensory

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49
Q

interpretation of sensory info

A

perception

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50
Q

_______ rely heavily on vision

A

primates

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51
Q

the important layer where vision is produced and transmitted to the brain

A

retina

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52
Q

___ transduce light/dark and ___ transduce lg/sm wavelengths

A

rods; cones

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53
Q

___ are found primarily in the fovea

A

cones

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54
Q

____ are located in the periphery of the retina

A

rods

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55
Q

Frogs have larger ____ to see well in the dark because they are nocturnal.

A

rods

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56
Q

Dogs cannot discriminate between ___ and ____ color

A

red and green

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57
Q

the reflective structure on a cat’s eye is the …

A

tapetum

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58
Q

____ and ____ have a visible spectrum that extends into the UV range.

A

birds and insects

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59
Q

these hold an owl’s eyes in place because they cannot move their eyes; forcing them to turn their whole head.

A

sclerotic rings

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60
Q

clusters of photoreceptor cells; found in insect’s vision

A

ommatidia

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61
Q

______ have good binocular and stereoscopic vision, with eyes set in front

A

predators

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62
Q

____ _______ have eyes on the side of their heads, a wide visual field good for detecting movements

A

prey animals

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63
Q

many birds have two _____ which helps identify motion in the peripheral field; judging speed and distance

A

foveae

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64
Q

How would the olfaction skills of a mole be?

A

They would have a keen sense of smell because they must know where they are going underground to not expend energy.

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65
Q

This animal has disc-shaped funnels to filter background noise when hunting prey.

A

barn owl

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66
Q

natural selection favors ____ animals with adaptive specializations

A

prey

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67
Q

when a predator and prey “one-up” each other with the ability to hide and seek one another; leads to adaptive specialization

A

evolutionary arms race

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68
Q

ability of an organism to avoid detection through visual, auditory, and/or olfactory modalities

A

crypticity

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69
Q

The ______ ______ happened when a protein affected the amount of melanin injected into the growing hair, causing a banding effect.

A

Agouti coloration

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70
Q

In a BBC video, a cuttlefish was seen trying to mimic the shape and color of his surroundings. This was an example of…

A

crypticity

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71
Q

A warning signal associated w/ unprofitability of a prey to potential predators

A

aposematism

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72
Q

_____ mimicry- when two or more species have similar warning signals and share genuine anti-predation attributes

A

Müllerian mimicry

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73
Q

______ mimicry - the mimic shares signals similar to their model, but doesn’t have the attribute to make it unprofitable to predators

A

batesian mimicry

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74
Q

The video of the bat and bembyx moth showed that they each had special sensory channels and stimulus coding mechanisms. This was an example of …

A

coevolution

75
Q

examines ability of an organism to discern between info-bearing energy patterns and random energy patterns that distract from the info

A

signal detection theory

76
Q

attempted to account for all learning within the same set of principles

A

general process learning theory

77
Q

animals being reinforced with food to perform a task engage in counterproductive species specific food related behaviors

A

instinctive drift

78
Q

the raccoon washing behavior is an example of…

A

autoshaping

79
Q

occurs with minimum experience, learning can occur even with hours in between toxin and sickness

A

conditioned taste aversion

80
Q

process of changing behavior by following response w/ reinforcement or punishment

A

operant conditioning

81
Q

increases the probability that a response will be repeated

A

reinforcement

82
Q

decreases probability of a response

A

punishment

83
Q

to increase your winning, the coach gives you a prize for achievement. What is this an example of?

A

positive reinforcement

84
Q

To increase your cleaning your room, your mother stops nagging when you clean it. Example of?

A

Negative reinforcement

85
Q

To decrease your whining, your mother spanks you. Example of?

A

positive punishment

86
Q

To decrease you staying out late, your father takes away your car keys. Example of?

A

negative punishment

87
Q

Birdsong learning has been an important model for both classical and operant learning, specifically in ___________ ________.

A

Isolation studies

88
Q

birds have a ___________ and area ____, which are analogous to human Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas.

A

higher vocal center (HVC) and area X

89
Q

A puff of air is blown into the eye just after a bell is played. After several reps, the eye ______ when just the bell is played.

A

blinks

90
Q

the process that establishes or strengthens a CR

A

acquisition

91
Q

The CS is repeatedly presented without the US until the response is extinguished.

A

extinction

92
Q

________ conditioning is when the CS and US overlap

A

delayed conditioning

93
Q

___________ conditioning is when the CS occurs totally before the US

A

trace conditioning

94
Q

_______ conditioning - CS occurs after the US (not useful for learning)

A

backward conditioning

95
Q

How close in time are the CS and US paired?

A

contiguity

96
Q

interval of time between the CS and US

A

inter-stimulus interval (ISI)

97
Q

long ISIs can still result in learning

A

taste aversion learning

98
Q

interval of time between pairings of the CS and US

A

inter-trial interval (ITI)

99
Q

what is the probability that the CS will precede the US?

A

contingency

100
Q

the state of quality of an item that stands out relative to neighboring items

A

visual saliency

101
Q

prev. learning disrupts the CS-US contingency

A

prior experience

102
Q

2 or more stimuli presented together, often as CS

A

compound stimulus

103
Q

one of the components of a compound stimulus is more effective than the other in eliciting the CR

A

overshadowing

104
Q

_______ -prior experience causes one part of a compound stimulus to be ineffective

A

blocking

105
Q

The theory that an organism does not profit equally from each training trial… How much one profits depends on how much one already knows

A

Rescorla-Wagner Theory

106
Q

Clicker training in dogs is an example of a ___________ __________

A

secondary reinforcer

107
Q

CS acts as a substitute for the US

A

Stimulus-Substitution Theory

108
Q

stimulus evokes decreased response over time so animals can avoid costly responses when there is no benefit from responding to repeated stimulation

A

habituation

109
Q

The video of the horse being afraid of a plastic bag is an example of…

A

Habituation - the horse reacts to the stimuli negatively until the plastic is rubbed on him and he can become accustomed

110
Q

Dik-diks that were habituated to humans were less able to discriminate predators calls than were animals that were not used to humans. This suggests…

A

exposure to humans poses a threat to prey species.

111
Q

when a stimulus evokes an increase response over time

A

sensitization

112
Q

habituation of a prev. sensitized response

A

desensitization

113
Q

sensitization of prev. sensitized response

A

dishabituation

114
Q

fear of new things/experiences

A

neophobia

115
Q

Rats have taken little nibbles of a food and it made them sick. They then do not return to the food. Example of?

A

food neophobia

116
Q

tendency to like new things, noveltyseeking

A

neophilia

117
Q

Infant visual habituation paradigm - infants shown two pictures simultaneously and the infants’ looking times to the pictures were recorded – main finding?

A

infants can differentiate between novel and familiar stimuli

118
Q

The philosophical argument about whether or not animals share mental capacities with humans is called the _______ debate

A

continuity

119
Q

_________ is a theoretical evolutionary model in which species remain relatively unchanged for a long time, and an environmental event triggers rapid changes.

A

punctuated equilibrium

120
Q

___________ is when human attributes like emotions and behaviors are given to non-human subjects.

A

anthropomorphism

121
Q

A dog showing their teeth is described as “happy”. A wolf howling is described as “talking”. Examples of?

A

anthropomorphism

122
Q

Why is it important to study sensory systems in animal cognition?

A

Senses give a large understanding of how an animal operates like vision or olfactory senses. Knowing about these senses allows us to design appropriate experiments for the animal.

123
Q

In a video from class, a stimulus was placed into a fish tank - a circle and hyphen - where the fish was trained to get food from a syringe and eventually learned they would get a bite of food if they touched the stimuli. Example of?

A

object recognition training in fish

124
Q

_______ _________ is a special type of recognition that has evolutionary importance.

A

face recognition

125
Q

Kanwisher and colleagues conducted experiments that isolated the specific brain area that fires action potential selectively when we view faces. This was named the …

A

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

126
Q

In a video from class, we watched how a baby starts with undeveloped eyesight and tries to make sense of their surroundings, only seeing contrasts of lights and darks. This showed…

A

how facial recognition has evolutionary importance - babies can recognize their mothers contrast of the face

127
Q

What did the video “A murder of crows” detail?

A

human facial recognition by crows - a man in a mask took one of them, leading a whole species to alarm call when they recognize anyone with the mask

128
Q

facial blindess

A

prosopagnosia

129
Q

damage to this area or a genetic defect will cause prosopagnosia

A

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

130
Q

Father of ethology

A

Konrad Lorenz

131
Q

Greylag geese study by Lorenz

A

two groups of geese were hatched - one by mom and one in incubator - when mixed in a group they would segregate to who they were first exposed - Konrad or mother goose

132
Q

Lorenz discovered that geese could also imprint on _______ _______

A

inanimate objects - they followed a box placed on a model train in one experiment

133
Q

form of learning where a very young animal fixes its attention on the first object which it has an experience with and follows that object after

A

imprinting

134
Q

Operation migration did what?

A

sought to save whooping cranes by teaching them migration without imprinting on humans. they used disguises and a sound machine and ultralight sounds of a plane to help sensitize the birds.

135
Q

Johnson and Bolhuis identified two independent neural systems that control ______ _______ in precocial birds

A

filial imprinting

136
Q

Filial imprinting is based on these two neural systems

A

instinct and learning

137
Q

why would imprinting not be genetically programmed and automatic?

A

A neural imprinting system allows more adaptive flexibility and is an advantage - if their mother dies, they can be adopted by another family member.

138
Q

process by which a young animal learns characteristics of a desirable mate

A

sexual imprinting

139
Q

Male zebra finches prefer to mate with a female _____ the one that reared them, rather than their birth parent.

A

resembling

140
Q

Example of cross-fostering?

A

goats raised by sheep mature and prefer to mate with sheep - sheep raised by goats prefer to have goats as mates

141
Q

Why do many fathers leave after mating with females?

A

They leave so inbreeding won’t happen with family members.

142
Q

an endangered nocturnal parrot from NZ suffered an illness which led to him being taken away from his mother and hand-raised by rangers. He imprinted on humans and doesn’t interact with other parrots.What issue does this create?

A

The kakapo is afraid of other kakapos which creates a problem for conservation because they may not want to breed with others of the same species.

143
Q

Lorenz’s geese sometimes imprinted on shoes or wading boots, which could help explain ______

A

fetishism

144
Q

animal’s ability to distinguish kin and non-kin

A

kin recognition

145
Q

preferential treatment of kin

A

nepotism

146
Q

Beldings’ ground squirrels use scents from oral and dorsal glands to discriminate among unfamiliar relatives can recognize distant kin and alter interactions as a function of relatedness. Ex of?

A

kin recognition

147
Q

evolutionary strategy that favors reproductive success of organism’s relatives, even at a cost to organism’s own survival and reproduction

A

kin selection

148
Q

all of one’s own offspring that survive to reproduce plus number of related offspring that one can add to the population by supporting others

A

inclusive fitness

149
Q

an organism can improve its overall genetic success by exhibiting altruistic ______ ______ to its kin

A

social behavior

150
Q

offspring raised by older female sibling or a grandmother

A

allomothering

151
Q

cooperative brood care

A

eusociality

152
Q

________ shrimp collectively protect the young in the colony, many of which are related

A

eusocial

153
Q

offspring recognition is evolutionarily favored because…

A

raising young is energetically costly and you don’t want to raise someone else’s offspring

154
Q

King penguins video is an example of

A

offspring recognition - they leave young in big groups and call to find their offspring when they return - the chick must follow their parent so they ensure they’re the right offspring

155
Q

Sea lion pup scent recognition

A

they use scent from a pup and her own pup and place it on fake pups - count number of nose bumps sea lion gives the fake pup

156
Q

organism’s genetic info

A

genotype

157
Q

organism’s observable info

A

phenotype

158
Q

A phenotype results from the expression of an organism’s _____ and ______ factors

A

genetic and environmental

159
Q

an individual learns its own phenotype and stores this representation in its memory, later comparing other individual to this template

A

phenotype matching

160
Q

phenotype matching assumes that individuals that most closely resemble one’s phenotype are most likely to match one’s _________ too

A

genotype

161
Q

directly recognizing copies of one’s own alleles in other individuals

A

recognition alleles

162
Q

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an example of…

A

recognition alleles in human females - smelly t-shirt experiment - were able to smell genetically compatible mate

163
Q

females prefer t-shirts worn by men with _________ MHC than their own, which may confer immunological benefits to offspring

A

different

164
Q

song learning and tutor in Zebra Finches

A

Article 1 - exp 1 - most start at 25d and need contact with father for accuracy - onset corresponds with neural circuits for song learning
exp 2- young chose father of a single stranger male or stranger male with female company - filial bond could be due to preference
exp 3 - small preference to copy male song that is female-directed - young males learn acoustic features and visual/dynamic movements of tutors that constitute courtship

165
Q

one-trial appetitive condition in sexual behavior system

A

Article 2 - male Japanese quail - determined if appetitive US opportunity to mate with female can generate one trial learning
Found - birds receiving CS and US pairing approached the model bird for mating more than the actual

166
Q

________ theory includes variation, heritability, survival, and reproduction

A

Darwin’s

167
Q

adaptations to one’s environmental problem that can be co-opted to solve another

A

exaptations

168
Q

side effects of adaptations - Ex. bellybutton from umbilical cord

A

byproducts

169
Q

chance mutations that don’t provide any advantage - Ex. curvature of bellybutton

A

random effects

170
Q

no need to attribute complex thought processes to animals if their behavior can be explained by simple mechanisms

A

Morgan’s canon

171
Q

animals form more complex mental representations of their environment

A

Tolman - animal thought

172
Q

stereotyped, species-typical behavior that occur in rigid order and are triggered by specific stimulus in enviroment

A

fixed action patterns (FAP)

173
Q

questions of ethology - adaptive

A

what is the function of behavior?

174
Q

questions of ethology - evolution

A

how did behavior develop across evolution and how does it compare to behaviors of closely related species?

175
Q

questions of ethology - ontogeny

A

how does behavior change across the lifespan of an organism?

176
Q

questions of ethology - immediate causation

A

what are internal mechanisms that produce behavior?

177
Q

a male robin singing in spring to attract a mate or as a territorial defense would be an ______ ultimate cause

A

adaptive

178
Q

bigger/stronger vocals are more attractive to females. Example of an _________ ultimate cause

A

evolution

179
Q

characteristic of male robin song from exposure to other males during development is example of _______ proximate cause

A

ontogeny

180
Q

singing when long periods of daylight promote hormone production that acts on specific brain areas for vocalization is example of ________ proximate cause

A

immediate causation

181
Q

behaviors that maximize gain and minimize costs are _______ and more likely to be ______ to the next generation

A

adaptive; passed

182
Q

individual species develop different strategies for dealing with same fitness related problem

A

common adaptation

183
Q
A

Animal Cognition (1 decks)

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