Exam #1

Question 1

systematic error

Answer 1

high bias
consistent, repeatable error associated with faulty equipment or flawed experiment design
Our conception with ideology- assuming only college students are liberal– “liberals don’t work, only young”– wrong- some liberals are not pure liberals in both econ and social policy
very bad
Fix systematic error by restarting and redesigning

Question 2

random error

Answer 2

high variance
fluctuation in the conditions within a system being measured which has nothing to do with the true signal being measured
Subject not giving consistent answers- feelings change–
Commute- 30 min, 40 min, 25 min– depends on traffic factors fluctuate
Random error better- better to be less certain but more accurate - more variation but more accuracy

Question 3

nominal variable

Answer 3

each name has no value over another– no ordering– discreet
Nominal variables are imperfect
very hard to deal with are or not– nominal binary

Question 4

ordinal variable

Answer 4

discrete categories– create order 1-7- strength- least to most strong to weak
More generalizable?
more leverage- can say more or less not just yes or no

Question 5

categorical variable

Answer 5

both ordinal and nominal fall under this– no measurable distance between values– some may be ordered- but distance is unknown or inconsistent
Nominal
Dichotomous ( two values) liberal or conservative
Binary (0 or 1) conservative or not conservative

Question 6

central tendency

Answer 6

the most typical value– effective way of describing population or subgroup
Mode– nominal, ordinal, interval
Median- ordinal interval
Mean- interval

Question 7

internal validity

Answer 7

is the relationship really what it says- is it this unique variable or something else–

Question 8

external validity

Answer 8

are our finding in one country generalizable in others
How accurate our we capturing our results in our study– external can it apply elsewhere

Question 9

reliability vs. validity

Answer 9

Reliability- deals with consistency of measure- degree of random error
Validity- degree a measure records the true value of the intended characteristics

Question 10

How do you construct an ordinal?

Question 11

normative statements

Answer 11

good or bad
ethical arguments
Are essential but are not falsifiable

Question 12

Bullseye diagram

Answer 12

Hit bullseye every time- assume they are a was iming for it– no error accurate and consistent
Miss bullseye everytime- circle around it- probably aiming for the bullseye- less accurate–random error- error not consistent– random- less consistent less certain
Miss bullseye every time- is consistent spot– aiming for that spot- systematic error- consistently wrong
Miss bullseye around spot- probably aiming for spot– combo systematic and random error- less certain

Question 13

interval variable

Answer 13

Meaningful distance between values–
Interval
Discrete
Continuous
Ratio
Can be discrete but its a real number and can do actual calculations
can manipulate- can see difference in support for trump and %support trump for cali and alabama

Question 13

dispersion

Answer 13

variation or spread of a case observations across values– effective way to determine how accurately a central tendency reflects a certain population or subgroup

Question 14

types of causal relationships

Answer 14

endogenous, moderating, conditional