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Archaeology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

looting

A

illicit removal of artifacts from archaeological sites

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2
Q

pseudo-archaeology

A

misuse of archaeological evidence to support false claims about the past

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3
Q

archaeology

A

the study of the human past through material remains

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4
Q

four principle goals of archaeology

A

form, function, process, meaning

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5
Q

form

A

description and classification of archaeological remains

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6
Q

function

A

purpose of objects

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7
Q

process

A

changes that occurred in the past

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8
Q

meaning

A

understanding past societies within our own cultural context

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9
Q

what is the main goal of archaeology?

A

learn how the past is relevant and what that means today

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10
Q

historical archaeology

A

archaeology combined with analysis of written records

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11
Q

prehistoric archaeology

A

research on societies without written records

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12
Q

culture

A

a learned set of complex practices and knowledge systems

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13
Q

antiquarians

A

originated with work of amateur collectors and part time hobbyists

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14
Q

classification

A

divide a collection into groups based on observed shared characteristics

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15
Q

uniformitarianism

A

process responsible for current form of death were the same in the past as today

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16
Q

catastrophism

A

earth’s features were shaped by violent catastrophic events

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17
Q

what was the old world focused on?

A

the history of europeans

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18
Q

what was the focus of the new world?

A

connections between native new world populations and old world origins

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19
Q

what did Thomas Jefferson argue?

A

that native americans are responsible for producing historical landscape of the americans.

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20
Q

what concepts did Thomas Jefferson introduce?

A

stratigraphy and strata

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21
Q

strata

A

layers of earth that developed over time

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22
Q

stratigraphy

A

how the layers developed over time

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23
Q

when did professional archaeology emerge?

A

19th century

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24
Q

unilinerar cultural approach

A

assumes all cultures develop along single or unilinear path

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25
Q

prominent contemporary approaches

A

culture history-what, when and where
cultural process-how and why
post processual- meaning and the past

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26
Q

multilinear cultural evolution

A

culture change is not uniform across time and space

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27
Q

is there one path to cultural change?

A

no

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28
Q

post-processual archaeology

A

focus on agency

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29
Q

agency

A

capacity to make decisions implement them in practice and affect change

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30
Q

marxist perspectives

A

society is based on conflict, not consensus

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31
Q

the archaeological record

A

surviving and retrievable material remains of past human activity.

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32
Q

what are the 3 classes of archaeological data?

A

artifacts
features
ecofacts

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33
Q

artifacts

A

portable objects that have been modified or wholly created by human activity

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34
Q

examples of artifacts

A

lithics, ceramics, metal tools etc.

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35
Q

features

A

non portable human made remains that cannot be removed

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36
Q

ecofacts

A

non artificial remains that have cultural relevance

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37
Q

feature examples

A

fireplace

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38
Q

ecofacts example

A

animal remains, pollen, vegitation

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39
Q

sites

A

spacial clusters of artifacts, features and ecofacts

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40
Q

what categorizes a site?

A

location
function
cultural affiliation
chronological position

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41
Q

what are perfect capsules of time?

A

underwater sites

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42
Q

site formation processes

A

deposition and transformation

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43
Q

deposition and transformation processes

A

behavioral process and transformational processes

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44
Q

behavioral processes

A

human activities that produce material remains

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45
Q

behavioral processes characteristics

A

acquisition-where did they get materials from
manufacture-how did they make it
use-how did they use it
deposition-broken fragments of item

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46
Q

transformational processes

A

cultural
natural

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47
Q

cultural transformational processes

A

changes caused by humans

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48
Q

natural transformational processes

A

changes caused by natural agents

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49
Q

taphonomy

A

study of what happens to plants and animals after they die

50
Q

what is an example of both cultural and natural transformational processes?

A

the great sphinx in egypt

51
Q

inorganic material

A

survive the most in the archaeological record

52
Q

organic material

A

survival determined by the matrix surrounding material

53
Q

what kind of climate is the most destructive?

A

tropical climates

54
Q

what climate is the best for preservation?

A

extremely dry, cold or wet conditions

55
Q

transformational processes reconstructed using:

A

matrix
provenience
association

56
Q

matrix

A

physical medium that surrounds, holds and supports archaeological data

57
Q

provenience

A

three dimensional location of any kind of archaeological data within the matrix

58
Q

association

A

two or more artifacts, ecofacts or features occurring together in the same matrix

59
Q

what is inherently destructive?

A

excavation

60
Q

context

A

evaluation of archaeological data based on behavioral and transformational processes

61
Q

primary context

A

conditions in which both provenience and matrix have remained undisturbed since original deposition

62
Q

in situ

A

original place

63
Q

secondary context

A

alterations of provenience, association and matrix by natural or behavioral transformational processes

64
Q

bioturbation

A

disturbance of sedimentary deposits by living organisms

65
Q

what are the two main methods of field work?

A

excavation
survey

66
Q

archaeological survey

A

methods used to acquire data from sites or regions without excavation

67
Q

types of archaeological survey

A

reconnaissance
instrumental

68
Q

reconnaissance

A

initial exploration of an area

69
Q

instrumental

A

making maps and plans of places and areas of interest

70
Q

methods of site discovery

A

surface survey-walking (oldest method)
aerial survey-drone, airplane, space
subsurface survey-looking beneath the ground.

71
Q

surface survey

A

used to detect and record archaeological evidence present on the ground by direct inspection of terrain

72
Q

aerial survey

A

used to detect and record archaeological evidence present or beneath the ground by airborne sensing methods

73
Q

subsurface survey

A

used to detect and record archaeological evidence beneath the surface by ground based direct and remote sensing methods.

74
Q

geospatial remote sensing techniques

A

aerial photography
light detection and ranging (LiDAR)
ground truthing

75
Q

geophysical survey techniques

A

augering- drilling
coring-like arrogation
shovel testing-dig a test pit
magnetometer
ground penetrating radar

76
Q

excavation

A

principle means by which archaeologists gather data about the past

77
Q

types of excavation

A

vertical
horizontal

78
Q

vertical excavation

A

understand site formation processes

79
Q

horizontal excavation

A

understand single event at a site

80
Q

what is the goal of vertical excavation?

A

interpret depositional history of a site (what happened over time)

81
Q

vertical excavation goes __ versus __

A

deep versus wide

82
Q

what is the goal of horizontal excavation?

A

recover information about site arrangement and structures

83
Q

horizontal excavation goes __ versus __

A

wide versus deep

84
Q

screening

A

process of shifting excavated solid through screens to find small objects, fragments of bone, plant remains

85
Q

flotation

A

process of using tubs of water to separate sediment and artifacts from plant remains

86
Q

topography

A

three dimensional surface of a place

87
Q

classification

A

how archaeologists organize, measure and describe material collected during excavation and survey

88
Q

analysis

A

processes of searching through hge body of material and information to produce more data and knowledge

89
Q

do all artifacts need cleaning?

A

no

90
Q

preservation

A

stabilizing the condition of the finds through the use of mechanical and chemical means

91
Q

restoration

A

altering the material and or structure of the artifact or ecofact to return it to more original condition in order to make it more durable

92
Q

attribute

A

any observable trait that can be defined and isolated

93
Q

typology

A

formal system of classification for assigning time and space meaning to archaeological materials

94
Q

raw material

A

substances used to create an object

95
Q

what is the first thing you look at when classifying an artifact?

A

raw material

96
Q

additive techniques

A

involved incremental steps and the addition of material to the object or structure

97
Q

subtractive techniques

A

involve the continuous removal of material from a larger original piece.

98
Q

style

A

distinctive way that something is done

99
Q

conchoidal fracture

A

plane of fracture in cryptocrystalline solids

100
Q

flake

A

smaller piece of stone intentionally removed from cores

101
Q

knapping

A

the technique for making stone tools by intentionally removing a series of flakes

102
Q

tools

A

intentional product of the manufacturing process

103
Q

waste

A

unused material that results from the process

104
Q

types of tools

A

notch
scraper
denticulate
awl
point
burin

105
Q

types of lithics analysis

A

experimental
typology
microware analysis
site function

106
Q

experimental analysis

A

archaeologists make and use stone tools to better understand the process and use

107
Q

lewis binford

A

activities dictate differences and diversity in lithic assemblages

108
Q

what do archaeologists work with most?

A

sherds

109
Q

zooarchaeology

A

study of animal remains from archaeological sites

110
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

difference in size between males and females of same species

111
Q

taphonomy

A

study of what happens to an organism after its death

112
Q

bioarchaeology

A

the study of human skeletal remains from archaeological contexts

113
Q

primary burials

A

interred as complete corpse

114
Q

secondary burials

A

likely moved to a final burial site some time after death, following de fleshing or burial at another site

115
Q

harris lines

A

series of distinct features on the ends of long bones that result from malnourishment in childhood caused by the disruption of bone growth.

116
Q

mortuary analysis

A

study of graves

117
Q

ascribed status

A

positions of power determined by lineage and inheritance (born into power)

118
Q

direct dating

A

analysis of the artifact, ecofact, or feature itself to arrive at its age

119
Q

indirect dating

A

analysis of material associated with the artifact, ecofact or feature being studied to evaluate its age

120
Q

relative dating

A

evaluating the age of one item relative to other items

121
Q

absolute dating

A

placing the age of a sample on an absolute time scale

Archaeology (3 decks)

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