Exam #1 Flashcards
actually lock the fuck in dude
What are the domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Domains of Eukarya
protists, fungi, plants, animals
Who devised the classification of microorganisms?
Carl Woese in 1978
Who observed plant cells?
Robert Hooke in 1665
Who first described live microorganisms?
Anton van leeuwenhoek, dawg what, in 1673-1723
Who did the decaying meat experiment?
Francisco Redi in 1668
Who boiled nutrient broth in covered flasks?
John Needham in 1745
Who boiled nutrient solutions in flasks?
Lazzaro Spallanzini(?) in 1765
Who boiled short-necked flasks with beef broth?
Louis Pasteur in 1861
Spontaneous generation
the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life
Biogenesis
the hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life
Light microscopy and examples of it
the use of any kind of microscopy that uses visible light to observe specimens; compound, dark field, phase-contrast, fluorescence, confocal
Compound light microscopy
uses visible light as its source of illumination;
Resolution
(resolving power)
the ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail and structure; ability of the lenses to distinguish two points that are specified distance apart
Refractive index
the measure of the light-bending ability of a medium
Brightfield microscopy
type of illumination produced by regular compound microscope; it shows the internal structures and outlines of transparent pellicle
Darkfield microscopy
a special condenser with an opaque disk that eliminates all light in the center of the beam. the light comes in at an angle; against a black background
Phase-contrast
the specimen is illuminated by light passing through an annular diaphragm; two light rays travel different paths and are combined at the eye; shows greater differentiation of internal structures and shows the follicle
Fluorescence microscopy
very sensitive, can see virus-like particles
Confocal microscopy
sample stained with fluorescent dye, each plane captures separately creating a 3-D image
Electron microscopy
uses electrons instead of light; higher resolution due to smaller wavelengths; transmission good for internal structures; scanning good for surfaces
prokaryote
pre-nucleus (no nucleus); single cellular; usually lack membrane-enclosed organelles; no histones, no organelles, divides binary fission
characteristics of prokaryotes
all bacteria has cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and nucleoid; plasmids encode information such as genes for resistance to antibiotics;
eukaryote
multi-cellular; has nucleus; paired chromosomes in nuclear membrane; histones; organelles; polysaccharide cell walls when present; divides by mitosis
bacteria prokaryotic cells
peptidoglycan cell walls
archaea prokaryotic cells
pseudomurein cell walls
coccus
spherical shaped
bacillus
rod-shaped
spiral
vibrio, spirillum, spirochete
bacterial pairs
diplococci, diplobacilli
bacterial clusters
staphycocci
bacterial chains
streptococci, streptobacilli
bacterial groups of four
tetrads
bacterial cube-like groups of eight
sarcinae
glycocalyx
sticky materials (polysacccharides) outside cell wall; allows cells to attach to surfaces, prevents phagocytosis, and environmental protection
flagella
filamentous appendages that propel bacteria; made of chains flagellin; attached to protein hook and anchored to basal wall and membrane
motile cells
rotate flagella to run or tumble; move toward or away from stimuli
axial filaments (endoflagella)
rotation causes cell to move; in spirochetes, anchored at one end of a cell
fimbriae
fimbriae are proteinaceous fibers on surface of cell; allow attachment
pili
facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another; gliding and twitching motility
peptidoglycan
prevents osmotic lysis and protects the cell membrane; contributes to pathogenicity
gram-positive cell wall
thick peptidoglycan; no outer membrane; no periplasmic space; teichoic acids; high susceptibility to penicillin
gram-negative cell wall
thin peptidoglycan; outer membrane; periplasmic space; lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
gram-negative outer membrane
protection from phagocytes and antibiotics; lipopolysaccharide; porins form channels in membrane
basic dye
chromophore is a cation
acidic dye
chromophore is an anion
negative staining
staining the background instead of the cell
simple staining
use of a single basic dye; highlights entire microorganism; mordant may be used to fix it in place
differential stains
used to distinguish between bacteria; gram stain and acid-fast stain
gram stain
classifies bacteria into gram-positive or gram-negative; crystal violet + peptidoglycan
acid-fast stain
identifies bacterial spp. with mycolic acids; cell walls have layer of mycolic acid
acid-fast stain continued
binds only to bacteria w/ waxy material in cell walls; used to identify myobacterium and nocardia
plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer that encloses cytoplasm; peripheral proteins on the membrane surface
plasma membrane structure: fluid mosaic model
membrane is as viscous as olive oil; proteins move freely for various functions; proteins rotate and move laterally
plasma membrane functions
selective permeability allows passage of some molecules; contains enzymes for atp production; alcohol n other shit cause leakage of cells
passive process: simple diffusion
movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to low concentration
passive process: facilitated diffusion
solute combines w a transporter in membrane; transports ions and larger molecules across membrane WITH gradient
passive process: osmosis & osmotic pressure
movement of water across selectiveley permeable membrane from high water conc to low conc; through lipid layer;
pressure needed to stop water from crossing
passive process: isotonic solution
solute conc equal inside and outside of cell; equilibrium
passive process: hypotonic solution
solute conc is lower outside than inside cell; water moves in
passive process: hypertonic solution
how many passive processes are there my god
solute conc is higher outside than inside, water moves out
ACTIVE TRANSPORT!!!
requires a transporter protein and atp; AGAINST gradient
group translocation
requries transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic?? acid as it crosses membrane
cytoplasm
substance inside plasma membrane; 80% water w proteins n carbs n lipids n ions
ribosomes
sites of protein synthesis; made of RNA
endospores
resting cells; produced when nutrients are depleted; resistance to dessiccation, heat, chemicals; prod by bacillus and clostridum
sporulation
endospore formation
germination
endospore returns to vegetative state
eukaryotic flagella and cilia
flagella: long; not many
cilia: short; a lot
both consist microtubules of tubulin
metabolism
buildup and breakdown of nutrients in a cell; atp and enzymes are key
role of atp in anabolic and catabolic reactions
anabolic reactions are coupled to atp breakdown
catabolis reactions are coupled to atp synthesis
energy production
oxidation-reduction reactions and atp generation
oxidation-reduction reactions
electrons are often associated w hydrogen atoms; oxidations are often dehydrogenation
substrate level phosphorylation
atp generated when high energy pi is transferred from phosphorylated compound to adp
oxidative phosphorylation
electrons transferred from one carrier along transport chain on a membrane that released energy to make atp
chemiosmosis
process where atp is generated from adp using energy from electron ransport chain
photophosphorylation
occurs in photosynthetic cells with light trapping pigments like chlorophylls; light -> energy -> atp
carbohydrate catabolism
breakdown of carb molecules to produce energy; glucose is the most common carb energy source
glycolysis (this seems important cuz it got its own slide)
oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces atp and nadh
pentose phosphate pathway
breaks down 5 carbon pentose sugars –> nadph; operates w glygolysis and provide intermediates for synthesis
entner-doudoroff pathway
produced nadph and atp; does not involve glycolysis
cellular respiration
oxidation of molecules liberated electrons to operate electron transport chain; atp generated by oxidative phosphorylation
aerobic respiration
uses oxygen as final electron acceptor
anaerobic respiration
no oxy
krebs cycle- aerobic respiration
pyruvic acid oxidized and decarboxylation occurs; carbon compound attached to coenzyme-a –> acetyl coa and nadh; oxidation of acetyl coa –> nadh, fadh2, and atp; co2 is thrown away
electron transport chain
series of carrier molecules are oxidized and reduced as electrons go down, generating proton gradient across membrane; energy released produces atp and chemiosmosis
fermentation
releases energy from sugars and organic molecules; no oxygen or krebs cycle
microbial metabolism
organisms obtain energy for cellular work by oxidizing organic compounds
photosynthesis
light energy to chemical energy for carbon fixation
photosynthesis (plants, algae, cyanobacteria)
use water as hydrogen donor and release oxygen
learn the types of photosynthesis
its in ch 5 pt 2 im not typin that im tired
