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Bio 211 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

actually lock the fuck in dude

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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2
Q

Domains of Eukarya

A

protists, fungi, plants, animals

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3
Q

Who devised the classification of microorganisms?

A

Carl Woese in 1978

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4
Q

Who observed plant cells?

A

Robert Hooke in 1665

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5
Q

Who first described live microorganisms?

A

Anton van leeuwenhoek, dawg what, in 1673-1723

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6
Q

Who did the decaying meat experiment?

A

Francisco Redi in 1668

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7
Q

Who boiled nutrient broth in covered flasks?

A

John Needham in 1745

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8
Q

Who boiled nutrient solutions in flasks?

A

Lazzaro Spallanzini(?) in 1765

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9
Q

Who boiled short-necked flasks with beef broth?

A

Louis Pasteur in 1861

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10
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life

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11
Q

Biogenesis

A

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life

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12
Q

Light microscopy and examples of it

A

the use of any kind of microscopy that uses visible light to observe specimens; compound, dark field, phase-contrast, fluorescence, confocal

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13
Q

Compound light microscopy

A

uses visible light as its source of illumination;

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14
Q

Resolution
(resolving power)

A

the ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail and structure; ability of the lenses to distinguish two points that are specified distance apart

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15
Q

Refractive index

A

the measure of the light-bending ability of a medium

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16
Q

Brightfield microscopy

A

type of illumination produced by regular compound microscope; it shows the internal structures and outlines of transparent pellicle

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17
Q

Darkfield microscopy

A

a special condenser with an opaque disk that eliminates all light in the center of the beam. the light comes in at an angle; against a black background

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18
Q

Phase-contrast

A

the specimen is illuminated by light passing through an annular diaphragm; two light rays travel different paths and are combined at the eye; shows greater differentiation of internal structures and shows the follicle

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19
Q

Fluorescence microscopy

A

very sensitive, can see virus-like particles

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20
Q

Confocal microscopy

A

sample stained with fluorescent dye, each plane captures separately creating a 3-D image

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21
Q

Electron microscopy

A

uses electrons instead of light; higher resolution due to smaller wavelengths; transmission good for internal structures; scanning good for surfaces

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22
Q

prokaryote

A

pre-nucleus (no nucleus); single cellular; usually lack membrane-enclosed organelles; no histones, no organelles, divides binary fission

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23
Q

characteristics of prokaryotes

A

all bacteria has cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and nucleoid; plasmids encode information such as genes for resistance to antibiotics;

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24
Q

eukaryote

A

multi-cellular; has nucleus; paired chromosomes in nuclear membrane; histones; organelles; polysaccharide cell walls when present; divides by mitosis

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25
Q

bacteria prokaryotic cells

A

peptidoglycan cell walls

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26
Q

archaea prokaryotic cells

A

pseudomurein cell walls

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27
Q

coccus

A

spherical shaped

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28
Q

bacillus

A

rod-shaped

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29
Q

spiral

A

vibrio, spirillum, spirochete

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30
Q

bacterial pairs

A

diplococci, diplobacilli

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31
Q

bacterial clusters

A

staphycocci

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32
Q

bacterial chains

A

streptococci, streptobacilli

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33
Q

bacterial groups of four

A

tetrads

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34
Q

bacterial cube-like groups of eight

A

sarcinae

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35
Q

glycocalyx

A

sticky materials (polysacccharides) outside cell wall; allows cells to attach to surfaces, prevents phagocytosis, and environmental protection

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36
Q

flagella

A

filamentous appendages that propel bacteria; made of chains flagellin; attached to protein hook and anchored to basal wall and membrane

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37
Q

motile cells

A

rotate flagella to run or tumble; move toward or away from stimuli

38
Q

axial filaments (endoflagella)

A

rotation causes cell to move; in spirochetes, anchored at one end of a cell

39
Q

fimbriae

A

fimbriae are proteinaceous fibers on surface of cell; allow attachment

40
Q

pili

A

facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another; gliding and twitching motility

41
Q

peptidoglycan

A

prevents osmotic lysis and protects the cell membrane; contributes to pathogenicity

42
Q

gram-positive cell wall

A

thick peptidoglycan; no outer membrane; no periplasmic space; teichoic acids; high susceptibility to penicillin

43
Q

gram-negative cell wall

A

thin peptidoglycan; outer membrane; periplasmic space; lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

44
Q

gram-negative outer membrane

A

protection from phagocytes and antibiotics; lipopolysaccharide; porins form channels in membrane

45
Q

basic dye

A

chromophore is a cation

46
Q

acidic dye

A

chromophore is an anion

47
Q

negative staining

A

staining the background instead of the cell

48
Q

simple staining

A

use of a single basic dye; highlights entire microorganism; mordant may be used to fix it in place

49
Q

differential stains

A

used to distinguish between bacteria; gram stain and acid-fast stain

50
Q

gram stain

A

classifies bacteria into gram-positive or gram-negative; crystal violet + peptidoglycan

51
Q

acid-fast stain

A

identifies bacterial spp. with mycolic acids; cell walls have layer of mycolic acid

52
Q

acid-fast stain continued

A

binds only to bacteria w/ waxy material in cell walls; used to identify myobacterium and nocardia

53
Q

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer that encloses cytoplasm; peripheral proteins on the membrane surface

54
Q

plasma membrane structure: fluid mosaic model

A

membrane is as viscous as olive oil; proteins move freely for various functions; proteins rotate and move laterally

55
Q

plasma membrane functions

A

selective permeability allows passage of some molecules; contains enzymes for atp production; alcohol n other shit cause leakage of cells

56
Q

passive process: simple diffusion

A

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to low concentration

57
Q

passive process: facilitated diffusion

A

solute combines w a transporter in membrane; transports ions and larger molecules across membrane WITH gradient

58
Q

passive process: osmosis & osmotic pressure

A

movement of water across selectiveley permeable membrane from high water conc to low conc; through lipid layer;

pressure needed to stop water from crossing

59
Q

passive process: isotonic solution

A

solute conc equal inside and outside of cell; equilibrium

60
Q

passive process: hypotonic solution

A

solute conc is lower outside than inside cell; water moves in

61
Q

passive process: hypertonic solution

how many passive processes are there my god

A

solute conc is higher outside than inside, water moves out

62
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT!!!

A

requires a transporter protein and atp; AGAINST gradient

63
Q

group translocation

A

requries transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic?? acid as it crosses membrane

64
Q

cytoplasm

A

substance inside plasma membrane; 80% water w proteins n carbs n lipids n ions

65
Q

ribosomes

A

sites of protein synthesis; made of RNA

66
Q

endospores

A

resting cells; produced when nutrients are depleted; resistance to dessiccation, heat, chemicals; prod by bacillus and clostridum

67
Q

sporulation

A

endospore formation

68
Q

germination

A

endospore returns to vegetative state

69
Q

eukaryotic flagella and cilia

A

flagella: long; not many
cilia: short; a lot

both consist microtubules of tubulin

70
Q

metabolism

A

buildup and breakdown of nutrients in a cell; atp and enzymes are key

71
Q

role of atp in anabolic and catabolic reactions

A

anabolic reactions are coupled to atp breakdown
catabolis reactions are coupled to atp synthesis

72
Q

energy production

A

oxidation-reduction reactions and atp generation

73
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions

A

electrons are often associated w hydrogen atoms; oxidations are often dehydrogenation

74
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

atp generated when high energy pi is transferred from phosphorylated compound to adp

75
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

electrons transferred from one carrier along transport chain on a membrane that released energy to make atp

76
Q

chemiosmosis

A

process where atp is generated from adp using energy from electron ransport chain

77
Q

photophosphorylation

A

occurs in photosynthetic cells with light trapping pigments like chlorophylls; light -> energy -> atp

78
Q

carbohydrate catabolism

A

breakdown of carb molecules to produce energy; glucose is the most common carb energy source

79
Q

glycolysis (this seems important cuz it got its own slide)

A

oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces atp and nadh

80
Q

pentose phosphate pathway

A

breaks down 5 carbon pentose sugars –> nadph; operates w glygolysis and provide intermediates for synthesis

81
Q

entner-doudoroff pathway

A

produced nadph and atp; does not involve glycolysis

82
Q

cellular respiration

A

oxidation of molecules liberated electrons to operate electron transport chain; atp generated by oxidative phosphorylation

83
Q

aerobic respiration

A

uses oxygen as final electron acceptor

84
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

no oxy

85
Q

krebs cycle- aerobic respiration

A

pyruvic acid oxidized and decarboxylation occurs; carbon compound attached to coenzyme-a –> acetyl coa and nadh; oxidation of acetyl coa –> nadh, fadh2, and atp; co2 is thrown away

86
Q

electron transport chain

A

series of carrier molecules are oxidized and reduced as electrons go down, generating proton gradient across membrane; energy released produces atp and chemiosmosis

87
Q

fermentation

A

releases energy from sugars and organic molecules; no oxygen or krebs cycle

88
Q

microbial metabolism

A

organisms obtain energy for cellular work by oxidizing organic compounds

89
Q

photosynthesis

A

light energy to chemical energy for carbon fixation

90
Q

photosynthesis (plants, algae, cyanobacteria)

A

use water as hydrogen donor and release oxygen

91
Q

learn the types of photosynthesis

A

its in ch 5 pt 2 im not typin that im tired

Bio 211 (2 decks)

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