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Pediatric Pathophysiology and Nursing Care > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

Immunizations, Erikson Stages, Growth & Development Milestones, Disabilities

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1
Q

What are the symptoms of Varicella (Chicken Pox)?

A
  • slight fever & anorexia (first 24 hr)
  • pruritic (itchy) rash
  • rash develops from macule, to papule, then vesicle
  • vesicles break easily and form crusts
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2
Q

Where on the body are Varicella vesicles spread out?

A

Centripetal (face and proximal extremities)

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3
Q

How is chickenpox spread?

A
  • direct contact
  • droplet (airborne)
  • contaminated objects
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4
Q

When is Varicella contagious?

A

1 day before eruption of vesicles - 6 days after vesicle crusts have formed

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5
Q

When is chickenpox no longer contagious?

A

Around a week after the lesions crusts have form

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6
Q

What precautions are used for Varicella?

A
  • standard
  • airborne
  • contact
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7
Q

How long is the incubation period for chickenpox?

A

2-3 weeks (usually 14-16 days)

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8
Q

What are symptoms of Diphtheria?

A
  • resembles common cold
  • bloody. mucopurulent nasal discharge
  • low grade fever
  • bull’s neck (significant swelling of the neck)
  • hoarseness
  • white or gray membrane on tonsils
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9
Q

How is Diphtheria spread?

A
  • direct contact
  • contaminated articles
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10
Q

What is the incubation period of Diphtheria?

A

Usually 2-5 days

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11
Q

How long is Diphtheria contagious for?

A

2-4 weeks (until virulent bacilli are no longer present)

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12
Q

How do we confirm that Diphtheria is not longer contagious?

A

3 negative bacterial cultures

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13
Q

What type of precaution is used for Diphtheria?

A
  • standard and droplet until 2 cultures are negative
  • contact precaution with cutaneous manifestations
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14
Q

When is Diphtheria no longer contagious?

A

48 hours post antibiotic treatment

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15
Q

What is another name for Erythema Infectiosum?

A

Fifth Disease

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16
Q

What is another name for Fifth Disease?

A

Erythema Infectiosum

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of Erythema Infectiosum?

A

rash (appears in 3 stages)

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18
Q

Explain the three stages of the rash caused by Fifth Disease:

A
  1. Erythema mainly on cheeks (1-4 days)
  2. Maculopapular red sports on upper & lower extremities (lasts > 1 week)
  3. Rash subsides (reappears if skin is irritated/traumatized)
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19
Q

How do children with aplastic crisis display different symptoms of Fifth Disease?

A
  • rash is absent
  • fever
  • myalgia
  • lethargy
  • nausea/vomiting
  • abdominal pain
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20
Q

How is Fifth’s Disease spread?

A

Respiratory secretions & blood

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21
Q

How long is Fifth’s Disease incubation period?

A

4-14 days

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22
Q

When is Fifth Disease contagious in children with aplastic crisis?

A

Before onset of symptoms

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23
Q

What precautions are used for Erythema Infectiosum?

A
  • isolation not necessary (unless immunocompromised with aplastic crisis)
  • droplet & standard if suspected parvovirus infection
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24
Q

Can pregnant nurses care for patients infected with parvovirus with aplastic crises?

A

No (low-risk of fetal death)

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25
Q

When is Fifth Disease no longer contagious?

A

When the rash disappears

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26
Q

What is another name for Exanthem Subitum?

A

Roseola Infantum

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27
Q

What is another name for Roseola Infantum?

A

Exanthem Subitum

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28
Q

What are the symptoms of Exanthem Subitum?

A
  • persistent high fever (> 39.5 C/103 F) for 3-7 days
  • deep decline in fever to normal, rash appearance
  • rash: pink macules/maculopapule on trunk, spreads to neck, face, and extremities, fades on pressure
  • bulging fontanel
  • cervical & postauricular lymphadenopathy (swollen)
  • inflamed pharynx, cough, coryza
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29
Q

What are the symptoms of Roseola Infantum?

A
  • persistent high fever (> 39.5 C/103 F) for 3-7 days
  • deep decline in fever to normal, rash appearance
  • rash: pink macules/maculopapule on trunk, spreads to neck, face, and extremities, fades on pressure
  • bulging fontanel
  • cervical & postauricular lymphadenopathy (swollen)
  • inflamed pharynx, cough, coryza
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30
Q

How is Exanthem Subitum spread?

A
  • year round; no reported contact with infected individual
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31
Q

What age group is typically effected by Exanthem Subitum?

A

< 3 years old (peak: 6-15 months)

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32
Q

What is the incubation period for Exanthem Subitum?

A

5-15 days

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33
Q

How long is Exanthem Subitum contagious?

A

Not known (before symptoms appear)

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34
Q

What precautions are used for Exanthem Subitum?

A

standard precautions

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35
Q

When is Exanthem Subitum no longer contagious?

A

once the fever is gone and the rash appears

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36
Q

What are the symptoms of the mumps?

A
  • earache
  • enlarged parotid (look like hamster) with pain and tenderness
  • fever, headache, malaise
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37
Q

How are mumps spread?

A
  • direct contact
  • droplet spread
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38
Q

How long is the incubation period for mumps?

A

14-21 days

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39
Q

How long are mumps contagious?

A

before and after the swelling begins

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40
Q

What type of precaution is used for mumps?

A
  • droplet precaution
  • contact precaution
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41
Q

When are mumps no longer contagious?

A
  • children: 9 days after onset of parotid swelling
  • when gland swelling subsides
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42
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A
  • koplik’s spots on buccal mucosa
  • rash (maculopapular eruption on face, spreads downward)
  • conjunctivitis
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43
Q

What is another name for measles?

A

rubeola

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44
Q

What is another name for rubeola?

A

measles

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45
Q

How are measles spread?

A
  • direct contact
  • droplets
  • primarily in winter*
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46
Q

How long is the incubation period for measles (rubeola)?

A

10-20 days

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47
Q

When are measles contagious?

A
  • 4 days before rash appears
  • 5 days after rash appears
48
Q

What precautions are used for measles (rubeola)?

A

airborne

49
Q

When are measles (rubeola) no longer contagious?

A
  • 4-5 days after onset of rash
  • when all signs of spots disappear
50
Q

What is another name for pertussis?

A

whooping cough

51
Q

What is another name for whooping cough?

A

pertussis

52
Q

What are the symptoms of pertussis?

A
  • symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection (sneezing, cough, low-grade cough)
  • dry hacking cough becomes more severe with high pitched whoop sound
  • cheeks flushed/cyanotic, eyes bulge, tongue protrudes
  • vomiting following attack
53
Q

How is pertussis spread?

A
  • direct
  • droplet
  • indirect thought contaminated articles
54
Q

What is the incubation period of pertussis?

A

6-20 days

55
Q

When is pertussis contagious?

A

greatest during catarrhal stage (beginning; coryza, sneezing, lacrimation, cough, low-grade fever for around 1-2 weeks)

56
Q

What precautions are used for pertussis?

A
  • standard
  • droplet
57
Q

When is pertussis no longer contagious?

A
  • 5 days after antibiotic treatment
    OR
  • 3 weeks from onset of coughing
58
Q

What are the 3 different ways poliomyelitis is manifested?

A
  • abortive/inapparent: fever, sore throat, headache, anorexia, n/v, abdominal pain
  • nonparalytic: more severe manifestations of abortive with pain and stiffness (neck, back, legs)
  • paralytic: recovery and then signs of CNS paralysis
59
Q

How is poliomyelitis spread?

A
  • direct (active infection)
  • fecal-oral route
  • pharyngeal-oropharyngeal routes
  • LIVE oral polio vaccination (no longer available in the U.S.)
60
Q

What is the incubation period of poliomyelitis?

A

7-14 days

61
Q

When is poliomyelitis contagious?

A
  • virus detected in throat 1 week after infection
  • virus detected in feces 4-6 weeks after infection
62
Q

What precautions are used for poliomyelitis?

A

contact precautions

63
Q

When is poliomyelitis no longer contagious?

A

around 10 days after onset of symptoms

64
Q

What is another name for rubella?

A

German measles

65
Q

What is another name for German measles?

A

rubella

66
Q

What are the symptoms of rubella?

A
  • low grade fever, mild conjunctivitis, sore throat, lymphadenopathy
  • rash on face, rapidly spreads down (neck, arms, trunk, legs)
67
Q

How is rubella spread?

A
  • respiratory droplets (cough/sneeze)
  • direct contact with mucous secretions
68
Q

What is the incubation period for rubella?

A

14-21 days

69
Q

How long is rubella contagious for?

A

7 days before rash appears, 5 days after it appears

70
Q

What precautions are used for rubella?

A

droplet precautions

71
Q

When is rubella no longer contagious?

A

around 1 week after rash onset

72
Q

What are the symptoms of scarlet fever?

A
  • abrupt, high fever
  • pulse increased out of proportion to fever
  • halitosis
  • enlarged tonsils, covered in patches of exudates
  • pharynx is swollen and beefy red
  • tongue covered in papillae, red & swollen (white strawberry tongue)
  • rash: red, pinhead-sized lesions (absent on face, present in folds of joints)
73
Q

How is scarlet fever spread?

A
  • direct contact
  • droplet spread
  • contaminated articles
  • ingestion of contaminated milk/food
74
Q

How long is the incubation period for scarlet fever?

A

2-5 days

75
Q

How long is scarlet fever contagious for?

A

During incubation period (~10 days)

76
Q

What precautions are used for scarlet fever?

A
  • standard
  • droplet (until 24 hr after initiation treatment)
77
Q

When is scarlet fever no longer contagious?

A

24 hours after the first dose of antibiotics

78
Q

At what ages is the Hepatitis B vaccination given?

A
  • birth
  • 2 months
  • 6 months
79
Q

What vaccines are given at birth?

A

Hepatitis B

79
Q

At what ages is Hib vaccine given at?

A
  • 2 months
  • 6 months
  • 1-1.5 y/o
79
Q

At what ages is DTap given?

A
  • 2 months
  • 6 months
  • 1-1.5 y/o
  • 4-6 y/o
80
Q

At what ages is inactivated polio vaccine given?

A
  • 2 months
  • 6 months
  • 4-6 y/o
80
Q

At what ages is rotovirus vaccine given?

A
  • 2 months
  • 6 months
80
Q

At what ages is PCV (pneumococcal) vaccine given?

A
  • 2 months
  • 6 months
  • 1-1.5 y/o
80
Q

What vaccines are given at 2 months?

A
  • Hepatitis B
  • DTaP
  • Rotovirus
  • Hib
  • Inactivated polio
  • PCV
81
Q

What vaccines are given at 6 months?

A
  • Hepatitis B
  • DTaP
  • Rotovirus
  • Hib
  • Inactivated polio
  • PCV
82
Q

At what ages is the MMR vaccine given?

A
  • 1-1.5 y/o
  • 4-6 y/o
83
Q

At what ages is the varicella vaccine given?

A
  • 1-1.5 y/o
  • 4-6 y/o
84
Q

What vaccines are given at 1-1.5 years of age?

A
  • MMR
  • Hepatitis A
  • DTaP
  • Hib
  • PCV
  • Varicella
85
Q

What vaccines are given at ages 4-6 y/o?

A
  • Varicella
  • DTaP
  • Inactivated polio
  • MMR
86
Q

At what ages is Tdap given?

A

11-12 y/o

87
Q

At what ages is HPV vaccine given?

A

11-12 y/o

88
Q

At what ages is the meningococcal vaccine given?

A
  • 11-12 y/o
  • 16-18 (booster)
89
Q

What vaccines are given at 11-12 y/o of age?

A
  • Tdap
  • HPV
  • Meningococcal
90
Q

What vaccines are given at the ages of 16-18 y/o?

A

Meningococcal booster

91
Q

what is the rooting reflex?

A

baby’s head will turn, open their mouth, and follow wherever you stroke the corner of their mouth

92
Q

When does the rooting reflex disappear?

A

4 months

93
Q

What is the moro reflex?

A

The baby’s arm will splay out when you slightly drop them (scare)

94
Q

When does the moro reflex disappear?

A

4 months

95
Q

What is the plantar grasp reflex?

A

Putting fingers under toes will cause them to curl

96
Q

When does the plantar grasp reflex disappear?

A

8 months

97
Q

What is the palmar grasp reflex?

A

Baby’s hand will grasp finger

98
Q

When does the palmar grasp reflex disappear?

A

3 months

99
Q

What is the tonic neck reflex?

A

Extending one of the baby’s arms will cause the head to turn in that direction

100
Q

When does the tonic reflex disappear?

A

4 months

101
Q

What is the stepping reflex?

A

If you hold the baby upright, they will lift their legs up like stepping

102
Q

When does the stepping reflex disappear?

A

3-4 weeks

103
Q

What is the Babinski reflex?

A

Drawing finger up from heel to pad of foot causes the toes to hyperextend

104
Q

When does the Babinski reflex disappear?

A

After 1 year

105
Q

What is the extrusion reflex?

A

Infant protrudes tongue if you touch/depress their tongue

106
Q

When does the extrusion reflex disappear?

A

4 months

107
Q

What is the perez reflex?

A

While infant is prone, pressing your thumb along their spine (from sacrum to neck) will cause them to flex extremities (elevates pelvis and head)

108
Q

When does the perez reflex disappear?

A

4-6 months

109
Q

What is the trunk incurvation (Galant) reflex?

A

Stroking infant’s back alongside spine causes hips to move toward stimulated side

110
Q

When does the trunk incurvation (galant) reflex disappear?

A

4 weeks

111
Q

What is the crawling reflex?

A

When on abdomen, infant makes crawling movements with their extremities

112
Q

When does the crawling reflex disappear?

A

6 weeks

Pediatric Pathophysiology and Nursing Care (1 decks)

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