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Systems Neuroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ac and dc components of a sound

A

AC component is the fast fluctuations, dc is the movement from a baseline.

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2
Q

What are Type-I fibers

A

Bipolar neurons with bodies in the spiral ganglion and fast, myelinated axons. Innervate a single hair cell.

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3
Q

What are Type-II fibers

A

Small, unmyelinated axons innervating many (5-100) outer hair cells.

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4
Q

What is CF?

A

CF is the characteristic frequency, shown as the lowest peak on a tuning curve.

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5
Q

Where are high frequencies registered in the cochlea?

A

Base of the cochlea

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6
Q

Where are high frequencies registered in the cochlear nucleus?

A

Posterior cochlear nucleus

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7
Q

Where are high frequencies relayed in the Superior Olive?

A

Medial Lateral Superior Olive

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8
Q

Where are high frequencies relayed in the MNTB?

A

Medial MNTB

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9
Q

Where are high frequencies relayed in the inferior colliculus?

A

Medial IC

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10
Q

Where are high frequencies relayed in the MGBv?

A

Medial MGBv

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11
Q

Where are high frequencies processed in A1?

A

Posterior A1

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12
Q

What is the lemniscal pathway?

A

Central nucleus of IC –> Medial geniculate body ventral division –> A1 core

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13
Q

What is the extralemniscal pathway for Dorsal cortex of IC?

A

Dorsal cortex of IC –> Medial geniculate body dorsal division –> A2 belt

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14
Q

What is the extralemniscal pathway for External cortex of IC?

A

External cortex of IC –> Medial geniculate body medical division –> A1 core and A2 belt

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15
Q

What input is excitatory to A1 neurons?

A

Input from both years with the contralateral ear usually being stronger input than the ipsilateral ear.

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16
Q

What are characteristics of the core region of auditory cortex?

A

Neurons in the core are primarily responsive to pure tones. Core region is made up of A1, R and RT. It is reactive to parvalbumin, cytochrome oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. Core regions are densely connected to each other and to the adjacent areas of the belt region.

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17
Q

What are characteristics of the belt region of auditory cortex?

A

Neurons in the belt prefer complex sounds and are functional specific depending on the region. What is processed in the anterior belt and where is processed in the caudal belt.

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18
Q

Where are “Where” signals processed in the auditory cortex?

A

“Where” signals are processed in the caudal belt region.

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19
Q

Where are “what” signals processed in the auditory cortex?

A

“What” signals are processed in the anterior belt region.

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20
Q

What are characteristics of the parabelt?

A

It is outside of the belt and shows increased activity during tasks. It receives projections from belt regions and projects to the prefrontal cortex through two distinct streams - Posterior PFC from CP and Anterior PFC from RP.

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21
Q

What is BPN?

A

Band Path Noise, the type preferred by the belt region of the auditory cortex. BPN oscillates around a center frequency, creating a fuzzy edge effect. Neurons prefer a range from 1/3 to 2 octaves in the belt region.

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22
Q

What types of cells exist in the cochlear nucleus?

A

Pauser (pyramidal), onset (octopus), primary-like notch (globular bushy), chopper (multipolar), primary-like (spherical busy)

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23
Q

What are response maps?

A

Response maps show the areas of excitation and inhibition. Similar to a tuning curve, with areas of sound showing as excitation and others around it being inhibitory. type I are all excitatory and increasing in amount of inhibitory until type IV, which are mostly inhibitory with a little bit of excitatory at the tip of the tuning curve.

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24
Q

What features allow for localizing of sound?

A

Sound localization relies on binaural cues based on the difference in time and level of a sound. Time differences are more useful at low frequencies and level differences utilize the shadow of the head and are primarily useful at high frequencies.

25
Q

What are the parts of the Superior Olive important for audition?

A

Medial (MSO) relays ipsilateral and contralateral excitation, Lateral (LSO) relays ipsilateral excitation and contralateral inhibition via the MNTB.

26
Q

What is the role of the LSO?

A

The LSO neurons are receiving excitatory information from the ipsilateral ear and inhibitory signals from the contralateral ear via the MNTB. They help to determine stimulus level.

27
Q

What is the MNTB?

A

Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, which acts as a sign inverter for ILD.

28
Q

What is the role of the MSO?

A

MSO relays information about the timing of the stimulus, by receiving excitatory stimulation from both ears simultaneously it can determine interaural timing differences.

29
Q

What receptors play a role in cutaneous perception?

A

Meissner Corpuscle (RA), Merkel Disc (SA) and Pacinian Corpuscle (PC)

30
Q

What are the features of Meissner Corpuscle?

A

RA fibers. Receive information about stroking and flutter, have a larger receptive field than SA. Respond at the onset and offset of stimulus.

31
Q

What are the features of Merkel Disc?

A

SA Fibers. Receive information about pressure and texture, have a smaller receptive field that RA and respond throughout the stimulus.

32
Q

What are the features of Pacininan Corpuscle?

A

PC fibers detecting vibration.

33
Q

What does the PCML relay?

A

Tactile and proprioceptive information.

34
Q

What is the PCML Pathway?

A

Receptor innervated by primary afferent with cell body in the DRG. Synapses in the nucleus gracilis (T7 down) or nucleus cuneatus (T6 up), travels as the internal arcuate fibers, crossing midline in the medulla. The second order neurons synapse in the thalamus - VPL for body and VPM for face - then third order neurons travel through the posterior limb of the internal capsule into the primary somatosensory cortex.

35
Q

What are the characteristics of the types of photoreceptors?

A

Rods are specialized for low light vision (scotopic) while cones are specialized for high light vision (photopic). They transmit signals to bipolar cells in the inner nuclear retinal layer.

36
Q

What are the types of bipolar cells?

A

Koniocellular, Magnocellular and Parvocellular

37
Q

What is the ON pathway?

A

ON pathway senses increments of light. When light increases, the cone hyperpolarizes, causing a decreased release of glutamate onto the ON bipolar cell, which expresses an mGluR which is sign inverting. The decrease in glutamate causes depolarization of the bipolar cell, increasing NT release onto the ON ganglion cell, causing an increased firing rate.

38
Q

What is the OFF pathway?

A

The OFF pathway reacts to decrements of light, depolarizing as light decreases, causing increased glutamate release onto an OFF bipolar cell, which depolarizes, increasing NT release onto the OFF ganglion cell, increasing the firing rate of the ganglion cell.

39
Q

What are M type cells?

A

M type cells are parasol cells, which are retinal ganglion cells. They project onto the magnocellular cells of the LGN.

40
Q

What are P type cells?

A

P type cells are Midget cells, which are retinal ganglion cells. They project onto the parvocellular cells of the LGN

41
Q

Describe the layers of the LGN

A

The LGN is made up of 6 layers. Layer one is the inner, dorsal layer, six is the outer ventral. 1 and 2 are Magnocellular layers, 3-6 are parvocellular layers. 1, 4 and 6 carry contralateral information, 2, 3, 5 carry ipsilateral information.

42
Q

What are the characteristics of Parvo cells?

A

Small, linear, sustained, slow, poor sensitivity to low contrast and fast moving stimuli, color opposition and weak extraclassical surround supression.

43
Q

What are the characteristics of Magno cells?

A

Large, nonlinear, transient, fast, very good sensitivity to low contrast and fast moving stimuli, broadband, strong extraclassical surround supression.

44
Q

What are the characteristics of Konio cells?

A

Large, nonlinear, transient, medium/slow conduction, good sensitivity to low contrast stimuli and okay sensitivity to fast moving stimuli, color opposition, medium extraclassical surround supression.

45
Q

Describe magno cells

A

They are large and collect input from many retinal cells, carrying information about movement, depth but not color. They respont best to achromatic stimuli of low spacial and high temporal frequencies. Short latencies, transient biphasic response.

46
Q

Describe receptive fields of parvo and magno cells

A

Center on/surround off, center red, surround green on and off centers, blue on, blue off.

47
Q

What is the role of interneurons in the LGN?

A

Modulation of response and come from the reticular thalamic nucleus, are resident LGN inhibitory cells or come from the brain stem reticular formation.

48
Q

What are the LGN relay neurons?

A

Driver or modulators, drivers have a linear response and are ionotropic glu. Modulators are non-linear and synapse onto the shafts of dendrites, ionotropic or metabotropic.

49
Q

Where do Magno LGN Layer 1, 2 go in cortex?

A

Both go to striate cortex layer 4c alpha, with interneurons between them at the same level.

50
Q

Where to Parvo LGN layer 4, 6 and 3, 5, go in cortex?

A

Both synapse in striate cortex layer 4c beta, then in layer II/III blobs, where interneurons in the same layer integrate their information.

51
Q

Where to koniocellular layers go in the cortex?

A

Koniocellular LGH layers 1, 4 and 2, 3 synapse in striate layer II/III blobs, no interneurons interactions.

52
Q

What is the olfactory pathway?

A

Begins at the olfactory epithelium –> olfactory bulb –> amygdala, entorhinal cx, olfactory cx.

53
Q

What types of cells are in the olfactory pathway?

A

Cells in the glomerulus synapse onto mitral cells (5000 ORnerves onto 25 mitral cells) which diverge with different information and form the olfactory tract. Granule cells are inhibitory neurons interacting with the mitral cells.

53
Q

Describe a glomerulus in the olfactory system.

A

Glomeruli are made up of many different neurons all with the same odor receptor. 500 types of receptors in humans.

54
Q

What are granule cells in the olfactory system?

A

Granule cells are inhibitory cells interacting with mitral cells. They are axonless, and they release synaptic vesicles through their synapses via lateral inhibition.

55
Q

What are sister mitral cells?

A

Cells receiving input from the same glomerulus cells, they have correlated inputs and decorrelated outputs. This helps to reenforce the signal and reduce the signal to noise ratio.

56
Q

Describe the projections from the olfactory bulb to the amygdala and how they differ from projections to pyriform cx

A

Projections are highly stereotyped patterns from glomerulus to specific area of amygdala. Projections to the pyriform cortex are widespread and diffuse, with cells in pyriform receiving input from many glomeruli.

57
Q

What is the role of the pyriform cortex?

A

Pyriform cortex becomes stimulated by stimulation of many glomeruli, mapped on the 3D plots.

Systems Neuroscience (2 decks)

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