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Biochemestry unit one > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

chqpter 1 and 2

1
Q

what is the biochemistry

A

Chemistry of the living cell

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2
Q

The study of life at the molecular level which uses chemistry, biology and physics laws to explain processes
of living cells.

A

biochemistry

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3
Q

discuss the chemical structures and 3D arrangements of molecules

A

Structural and Functional Biochemistry

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4
Q

storage and transfer of
information

A

Informational Biochemistry

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5
Q

The movement of energy in living organisms
and methods of transferring

A

Bioenergetics

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6
Q

The simplest living organisms are

A

unicellular (single-
celled)

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7
Q

Larger organisms are ___, with
different functions for different cells

A

multicellular (many-celled)

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8
Q

contains one or several long, circular DNA molecules.

A

Nucleoid

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9
Q

___provide points of adhesion to surface of other cell

A

pili

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10
Q

propel cell through its surrounding

A

flagella

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11
Q

cell envolope

A

structures differ

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12
Q

Have membrane-bound nucleus, have membrane-enclosed organelles

A

Eukaryote Cells

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13
Q

are protein synthesizing machines

A

ribosomes

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14
Q

supports cell aids in movement of organelles.

A

cytoskeleton

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15
Q

degrades intracellular debris

A

lysosome

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16
Q

complex processes, package, and targets proteins to other organelles or for export.

A

golgi

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17
Q

site of lipid synthesis and drug metabolism

A

smooth endoplasmic recticulum

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18
Q

contains the genes (chromatin)

A

nucleus

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19
Q

sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis

A

nucleolus

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20
Q

site for protein synthesis

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

oxidizes fuels to produce ATP

A

mitochondrion

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22
Q

separates chromatin (DNA + protein) from cytoplasms

A

nuclear envelope

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23
Q

separates cell from the environment, regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell.

A

plasma membrane

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24
Q

harvests sunlight, produce ATP and carbohydrates

A

chloroplast

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25
Q

temporarily stores carbohydrates products if photosynthesis

A

starch granule

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26
Q

are sites of light driven ATP synthesis

A

Thylakiods

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27
Q

provides shape and rigidity, protects cell from osmotic swelling

A

cell wall

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28
Q

degrades and recycles macro-molecules, stores metabolites

A

plasmodesma

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29
Q

degrades and recycles macro-molecules, stores metabolites

A

vacuole

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30
Q

contains enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle

A

glyoxysomes

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31
Q

the most common component found in the cell

A

membrane nucleus and nucleolus
mitochondria
rough and smooth ER
Ribosomes
Golgi
cytoskeleton

32
Q

animal cell

A

lysosome
peroxisomes

32
Q

chloroplast
vacuole
glyoxysome
plasmodesma
cell

A

plant cell

33
Q

animal and plant cells are

A

Eukaryotic cells

34
Q

bacteria and archaea are

A

prokaryotic organism

35
Q

have a true nucleus, which contains the genetic material (DNA) enclosed within a nuclear membrane.

A

Eukaryotic cells

36
Q

lack a true nucleus. Their genetic material (DNA) is present in a single circular chromosome, typically located in the nucleoid region, which is not enclosed by a membrane.

A

Prokaryotic cells

37
Q

is a highly viscous solution where many
reactions take place.

A

Cytoplasm

38
Q

consists of microtubules, actin
filaments, and intermediate filaments.
* cellular shape and division
* intracellular organization
* intracellular transport paths
* cellular mobility

A

Cytoskeleton

39
Q

Distinguishing functional groups in a biomolecule

A

hydroxyl (-OH)
Carbonyl (C=O)
Amino (_-NH2)
Carboxyl (COOH)
Phosphate (-PO4)
Sulfhydryl (_SH)
Methyl (_CH3)

40
Q

Types of biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

41
Q

Used as building blocks for
proteins

A

Amino acid

42
Q

5 in total
- Used as building blocks for
DNA and RNA precursors

A

Nucleotides

43
Q

commonly known
as fats
- organic compounds that
are not very water soluble
- used as sources of
cellular energy
- components of cell
membranes

A

lipids

44
Q

e.g.
glucose, fructose, sucrose
- mainly used as sources of
cellular energy

A

Carbohydrates

45
Q

macromolecule of lipids

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

46
Q

macromolecule of protein

A

protein and polypeptide

47
Q

Types of isomers

A

Stereoisomers
Geometric isomers (cis vs. trans
Enantiomers (mirror images
Diastereomers

48
Q

Stereoisomers

A

have different physical properties

49
Q

have different physical and chemical properties

A

Geometric isomers

50
Q

have identical physical properties (except with regard to polarized light) and react identically with achiral reagents

A

enantiomers

51
Q

have different physical and chemical properties

A

diastereomers

52
Q

Water is a ____ solvent for charged and polar
substances.
amino acids and peptides
– small alcohols
– carbohydrates

A

good

53
Q

Water is a____ solvent for nonpolar substances.
nonpolar gases
– aromatic moieties
– aliphatic chains

A

poor

54
Q

are strongest when the bonded molecules
allow for linear bonding patterns

A

Hydrogen bonds

55
Q

Interactions occur between molecules are

A

Ionic (Coulombic) interactions
Hydrophobic Effect
Hydrogen bond
Dipole dipole
Van de waal

56
Q

electrostatic interactions
between permanently charged
species, or between the ion
and a permanent dipole

A

Ionic (Coulombic) interactions

57
Q

electrostatic interactions
between uncharged but polar
molecules

A

Dipole interactions

58
Q

weak interactions between all
atoms, regardless of polarity
– attractive (dispersion) and repulsive
(steric) component

A

van der Waals interactions

59
Q

complex phenomenon associated
with the ordering of water molecules
around nonpolar substances

A

Hydrophobic Effect

60
Q

Is one of the main factors behindprotein folding
– protein-protein association
– formation of lipid micelles
– binding of steroid hormones to their receptors

A

The Hydrophobic Effect

61
Q

non polar moieties aggregate in water to

A

reduce the surface area exposed to water and minimize their disruptive effect

62
Q

Nonpolar portions of the amphipathic molecule aggregate so that____ and entropy increases

A

fewer water molecules are
ordered

63
Q

Acid

A

release proton in water(proton donor)

64
Q

Base

A

Accepts proton in water (proton acceptor)

65
Q

Water can act as an acid and a base =

A

amphiprotic

66
Q

are Mixtures of Weak Acids and Their
Anions (Conjugate Base

A

buffers

67
Q

Buffering capacity of acid/anion system is greatest
at

A

pH = pKa

68
Q

have more than ONE acidic proton

A

Polyprotic acids

69
Q

maintenance of intracellular pH is vital to all
cells

A

Biological buffers

70
Q

Types biological buffer systems

A

Protein buffer system
Carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system
Phosphate buffer system

71
Q

help regulate pH in extra cellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluids (ICF)
– interact extensively with other buffer systems

A

Protein buffer system

72
Q

most important in ECF

A

Carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system

73
Q

buffers pH of ICF and urine

A

Phosphate buffer system

74
Q

Blood pH becomes acidic / high [H+]

A

Acidosis

75
Q

Blood pH becomes basic/ [H+] goes DOWN

A

Alkalosis

Biochemestry unit one (6 decks)

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