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Human Sexuality Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual behavior

A

Behavior that produces arousal and increases the chance of an orgasm

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2
Q

History of sexual behavior

A

-sexuality was regulated by religion
-scientific study of sexuality began in 19th century
-example: observations and surveys

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3
Q

Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939)

A

-“Father” of psychiatry and psychoanalysis
-studied sexual tensions
-based on his theory on case studies on his patients

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4
Q

Richard Von Kraft-Ebing
(1840-1902)

A

-Studied Pathological sexuality
-collected 200+ case histories
-coined concepts of Sadism, Masochism, and Pedophilia

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5
Q

(1st) Magnus Hirschfeld
(1868-1935)

A

-founded the 1st sex research institute
-established the 1st journal devoted to the study of sex
-conducted the 1st large-scale sex survey
-special interest was homosexuality
-introduced the term transvestite

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6
Q

Alfred Kinsey
(1894-1956)

A

-Conducted several large scale sex surveys in the U.S.
-used the data to publish books on sexual behaviors
-sexual behavior in human male and sexual behavior in the human female

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7
Q

William masters (1915-2001) and Virginia Johnson (1925-2013)

A

-conducted direct observation of sexual behaviors
-developed the theory of the 4 stage model of sexual response

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8
Q

Religious influences on sexuality

A

-Religious books and leaders are often considered the authority on sexual matters
Ex: the Bible, sex until married only man and woman
-therefore, religious affiliation and beliefs often influence one’s sexual attitudes

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9
Q

Media influences on sexuality

A

-For most Americans mass media is now the dominant influence on views of sexuality
-often more impactful than scientific findings

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10
Q

Major theories on the influence of media

A

-Cultivation Theory: what cultivates you
-Framing Theory: “frame” what’s important
-Social Cognitive Theory: who we copy
-Reinforcing Spiral Theory: ones ideology will predict what type of media they will watch therefore reinforcing what they all ready believe

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11
Q

Culture influence on sexuality

A

-main cultural theme of society influences sexuality
-cultures often prohibit types of sexual contact
-standards of attractiveness
-social class and ethnic groups impact sexuality

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12
Q

Cultural themes

A

-Individualistic: independent, self sufficient (permissive sexual attitudes)
-Collective: interdependence, connection with others (conservative sexual attitude)
-Honor : reputation, respect , honor towards each other (of honor is damaged; retributive action)

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13
Q

Prohibited sexual contact
(Most negative to least negative)

A
  1. Incest : intercourse between blood relatives
  2. Extramarital Sex : having sex with someone other than spouse
  3. Rape
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14
Q

Standards of attractiveness

A

-Physical characteristics are important in attraction in All cultures
-There is a lot of variation in exactly which physical features are deemed attractive across cultures

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15
Q

Social class influences

A

Education: influences sexual attitudes, behaviors, and chance of relationship success
Ex: more tolerance, positive sexual behaviors, increase happy and stable relationships

Income : influences sexual attitudes and behaviors
Ex: low social economical status experience occurs at younger age, less likely to use birth control , young pregnancy. More likely for an unsuccessful relationship

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16
Q

Ethnic group differences in sexuality

A

-African Americans have lower marriage rates (the sex ratio)

-Latino cultures are more likely to emphasize strict gender roles and family commitment

-Asian Americans are more likely to hold conservative sexual attitudes (emotional constraint and control)

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17
Q

Differences between sexuality of most animals and sexuality of humans

A

-In most animals sexual behaviors is controlled by hormones
-In humans, sexual behavior is controlled by higher order thinking which is strongly shaped by the environment

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18
Q

Sociobiology

A

-the application of evolutionary biology to understanding the social behaviors of animals
-attractiveness is important criteria in choosing a male
-attractiveness = health and reproductive potential

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19
Q

Important concepts in Sociobiology

A

-Family structure
-Pair bond (emotional connection between adults)
-Attachment
-Parental investment (resources, skill, food to increase child survival)
-Sexual selection (who they will choose to help them mate)

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20
Q

Criticism of Sociobiology

A

-Focuses on an outdated version of evolutionary theory
-Views as the main function of sex

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21
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

-Developed by Sigmund Freud
-Humans are motivated by unconscious desires
-2 major forces motivated humans : food and sex
-which coined the term libido

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22
Q

3 components of personality

A

-ID : instincts , pleasure

-EGO : reality, realistic or feasible

-SUPEREGO : morality determined by your environment , operates on morality ideal standards and very high moral roles

23
Q

Psychosexual (psychoanalytic ) stages of development

A
  1. Oral (birth to 1 year)
  2. Anal (2-3 years)
  3. Phallic {genital area} (3-6 years)
  4. Latency ( 6-puberty) no pleasurable focus. education social interaction
  5. Genital (puberty and beyond) strikes new interest in genital area
24
Q

Oedipus complex
(Phallic stage)

A

-Boys develop a sexual attraction to mother
-sees father as threat and feels hostile
-feels threatened by father who’s bigger and stronger- castration anxiety
-compensates by identifying with father and trying to be like him

25
Q

Electra complex
(Phallic stage)

A

-Penis envy
-Sexually attracted to father
-desired to be impregnated by father presumably as a substitute for penis she’s lacking
-begins to identify with mother and try’s to be like her

26
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a condition response

27
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Frequency of behavior is determined by the consequences that follow the behavior
-rewards increase behavior and punishment’s decrease behavior
-primary reinforcements for humans :
1.sex
2.food (naturally rewarding )

28
Q

Social learning

A

-Proposes that observational learning and imitation of others is a major factor in human behavior

-once the behavior is observed and imitated the consequences that follow will determine if the behavior continues
Ex: start talking like friends
Movie’s influence, parents in a relationship , and porn can be imitated

29
Q

Social exchange theory

A

Behavior will result from an exchange process, in which people maximize rewards and minimize cost

-current partners : stay when rewards are high, and cost are low
-potential alternative partners : stay when alternatives are low , leave when alternatives are high
-matching hypothesis: choosing partners with similar physical and social characteristics

30
Q

Societal institutions that regulate sexuality

A

Religion: Judeo-Christian religion dominant. Promotes a procreation ideology

Economy: unemployment and low-paying jobs deter marriage and a stable family
-low ses groups have a greater number of single female-headed households
-capitalist economies support the scale of sex goods and services

The family: prior to the Industrial Revolution the family was an economic unit. After the Industrial Revolution the family is more for pleasure/love

31
Q

Relational ideology

A

Belief that it’s okay to have sex outside of marriage, you just have to love them then it’s acceptable

32
Q

Medicine

A

Physicians are viewed as authority figures and medical advice is taken seriously
-current society promotes a therapeutic ideology
If we have problems or issues they can be treated

33
Q

The government

A

Laws determine norms

Laws result in social control

Laws reflect in interest of the dominant and powerful groups in society

34
Q

Self- Reports

A

Participants are asked questions and they answer them
-surveys or interviews
-surveys are the most common method used in sexual research

35
Q

Behavioral measures

A

Measures specific sexual behaviors
Ex: direct observation, eye tracking , police reports

36
Q

Biological measures

A

Measures physiological responses
Ex: genital measures, pupil dilation, MRL(structures of sex organ) , FMRL (blood flow to brain)

37
Q

Implicit Association Test

A

Measures reaction time to associations between items

Used for more accurate measures of attitudes

38
Q

Sampling concerns in sexual research

A

Convenience sampling

Volunteer bias : people who volunteer to participate in studies do not represent general population

39
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

Any unintended variable that influences the outcome of a study

40
Q

Difficulties with accuracy in sex research

A

Purposeful distortion (basically lying)
-enlargement: exaggerating sexual behavior
-concealment :hiding or minimizing sexual activity

Inaccurate memory

Difficulties with estimates

41
Q

Ethical concerns in sexual research

A

Informed consent

Protection from harm

Justice principle (a concept intended to promote fair and equitable treatment of individuals within populations)

42
Q

Quantitative methods

A

Relies on numerical data

43
Q

Qualitative methods

A

Relies on descriptive date(words)

Seek in depth information

Ex: case studies , participant- observer technique

44
Q

Experimental studies

A

One variable is manipulated (independent variable) while all the other factors are held constant, then the variable of interest is measured (dependent variable)

Must include a control group that is not manipulated

The only research that can be demonstrated is cause and effect

45
Q

Female external genitals

A

The vulva
-clitoris (homologous to penis)
-mons pubis
-labia : inner lips, outer lips
-vaginal opening (the vagina is internal)

46
Q

Female internal sex organs

A

-Vagina (only a certain length about 4 in )
-Skene’s gland (produces liquid )
-Fallopian tubes
-Ovaries 2 (products eggs, produces sex hormones)
-Uterus (houses fetus)

47
Q

Hymen

A

Thin membrane that partially covers vaginal opening

Think of pop your cherry (virgin or not )

48
Q

Female genital cutting

A

-Clitoridectomy : partial or total removal of the glans of clit

-Excision : partial or total removal of the clit and inner lips

-Infibulation: clit, all inner lips , and part of the outer lips are removed then the remaining edges of the outer lips are stitched together with only small opening left for urination and menstrual fluid

49
Q

Male external sex organs

A

-Penis
-shaft
-gland (Tip) homologous to clit
-Corona
-Foreskin( sheet layer of skin, covers gland)
-scrotum (balls) loose skin covers testis

50
Q

Male internal sex organs

A

-Testis (reproductive organ of male)
-Seminiferous tube (sperm produced)
-Epididymis (sperms matures)
-Vas deferens (passes out of testis through prostate )
-Seminal vesicle (seminal fluid produced 60% of ejaculate sperm motility)
-Prostate (produces alkaline fluid mixes with seminal fluid and sperm)
-Urethra (where ejaculate and urine come out )

51
Q

Male genital cutting

A

Circumcision - cutting away or removal of the foreskin (80% of males 14-59 )

Supercision- making a slit the length of the foreskin, but otherwise leaving it intact

Subincision- making a slit on the underside of the penis to the depth of the urethra

52
Q

Cancer of the sex organs

A

Breast cancer -most common for women (12% of women)

Cancer of the cervix -2nd most common in women, cause by HPV

Cancer of the prostate - most common in men (highly kills , not a high success rate)

Cancer of the testis -most common in young men

53
Q

Health risk with pubic shaving

A

There has been a dramatic increase in pubic shaving

Poses health risks
- if you shave you are twice as likely to contract STDs

Human Sexuality Exam 1 (1 decks)

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