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ANSC Genetics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Part of the chromosomes, that usually codifies a protein

A

Gene

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2
Q

Location on the chromosomes

A

Locus

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3
Q

Double helix made up of nucleotides

A

DNA

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4
Q

Specific form of the gene

A

Allele

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5
Q

What are the components for genes

A

Introns
Exons
regulatory areas

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6
Q

All of the DNA in chromosomes

A

Genomes

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7
Q

How many alleles does a individual have

A

2

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8
Q

What is homozygous

A

The 2 alleles are the same

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9
Q

What is heterozygous

A

The 2 alleles are different

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10
Q

Individual in the population have different sequences of nucleotides in their DNA

A

Polymorphism

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11
Q

Locations on the DNA where single nucleotides are different

A

Single Nucleotides Polymorphism (SNP_

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12
Q

Any part of the genome that affects traits of interest, Can be in coding or non coding regions

A

Quantitative trait loci (QTL)

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13
Q

What is the three Mendel’s Laws

A

Dominance and uniformity
Segregation
Independent assortment

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14
Q

What is dominance in Mendel First Law

A

Pure traits are crossed, only one form of trait appears in the next generation

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15
Q

What is Segregation in Mendel Laws

A

Mom and Dad two alleles
One of the allele from each is given to the offspring

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16
Q

What is Independent Assortment in Mendel’s Law

A

Alleles assort independently if possible

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17
Q

Do genes always assort independently?

A

NO because of linkage

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18
Q

loci located close together on a chromosomes

A

Linkage

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19
Q

The new combination of genes

A

Recombination

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20
Q

T or F More crossing over allow more genetic diversity

A

True

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21
Q

When do loci recombine, far apart or closely linked

A

far apart

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22
Q

The specific alleles the animal has at a locus

A

Genotype

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23
Q

the characteristic of the animal we are looking at

A

Trait

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24
Q

what we see when we look at an animal (measurement)

A

Phenotype

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25
Q

The black calf weight 85 lbs when it was born

A

trait: the color and the weight
Phenotype: the color black and 85 lbs

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26
Q

alleles interaction at two different location

A

Epistasis

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27
Q

What about endangered species or zoo animals?

A

Have small effective population size

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28
Q

4 Ways to change gene Frequencies in a population

A

Mutation
Migration
Selection
Random Drift

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29
Q

random change due to chance

A

Random drift

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30
Q

Why do We need to have a large population size

A

avoid the risk due to chance

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31
Q

a biochemical event causing a change in the DNA sequence

A

Mutation

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32
Q

Impact of mutation on animal improvement is very small or big

A

small

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33
Q

Gene editing Issues

A
  • Regulations
  • Do it before the animal is born
  • Do it for a few animals
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34
Q

bring in alleles from outside the population - bring breeding animals into your herd

A

Migration

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35
Q

Why use migration (outside, native)

A
  • Outside animals have higher frequency of desired alleles
  • Native populations becoming too inbred and having problems
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36
Q

What is the most powerful gene frequency

A

Migration is the most powerful force for changing gene frequency.

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37
Q

choosing animals with high numbers of desired allele to be parents

A

Selection

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38
Q

what are the two types of selection

A

Natural Selection
Artificial Selection

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39
Q

animals which are unfit will die or fail to reproduce

A

Natural selection

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40
Q

selection imposed by human

A

artificial selection

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41
Q

The ability of animals of that genotype to reproduce

A

Fitness

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42
Q

If we are doing selection, we are changing what

A

frequency

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43
Q

Whenever q is large or small, you’ll see more changes in q

A

large

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44
Q

As s increase or decrease, change of q increase

A

increase

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45
Q

When we change gene frequency

A

We change the mean

Move the population in a desired direction

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46
Q

What animal breeders do?

A

Make decisions, select the parent of the next generation based on the traits of interest.

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47
Q

Do not need a numeric definition to accurately describe the trait

A

Qualitative traits

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48
Q

Traits are in a few phenotypic classes

A

Qualitative traits

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49
Q

Are categorical

A

Qualitative

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50
Q

Qualititave traits tend to

Be controlled by few or a lot of loci with large effects

Have little or a lot of effect of the environment

Be relatively easy or hard to manipulate through genetic management - relatively easy or hard to identify desired animals

A

Be controlled by FEW loci with large effects

Have LITTLE or NO effect of the environment

Be relatively EASY to manipulate through genetic management - relatively EASY to identify desired animals

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51
Q

What law does qualitative follow

A

Follow Mendels law

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52
Q

we know the genotype by looking at the phenotype

A

Single locus with co dominance, partial dominance, overdominance

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53
Q

the dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele. Heterozygous are the same as Homozygous dominant

A

Complete dominance

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54
Q

Why heterozygous animal sometimes bad

A

Heterozygous animal in a herd can be a carrier for a disease that is not desired

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55
Q

Why test males? Why not females?

A

Males usually produce more offspring

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56
Q

Importance/advantages of DNA testing

A

Heterozygous animal in a herd can be a carrier for a disease that is not desired, by sending sample and money you can find that out

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57
Q

Why do deleterious alleles tend to be recessive

A

Hiding in the heterozygous, not expressed when bred with a dominant allele

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58
Q

how to know if Is it Genetic or Environment

A

Prior knowledge about the defect

Look at housing and management groups

Look for family tendencies

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59
Q

What is already known, we may not know the mode of inheritance

A

Prior knowledge about the defect

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60
Q

Was there anything different in the way the animals were treated

A

Look at housing and management groups

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61
Q

Example of Look at housing and management groups

A

Issue with feed
Vaccination
Contamination

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62
Q

Check for carrier sire was in the past generation

A

Look for family tendencies

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63
Q

which one requires more work and which one is easier

environmental and genetics

A

environmental is easier
genetics requires more work

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64
Q

T or F Difference breed association have different policies

A

True

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65
Q

Offspring of carriers can’t be register until they are DNA tested

A

True

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66
Q

AI bulls must be tested for defects

A

True

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67
Q

AI sire needed to be tested free due to BLAD

A

holstein cattle

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68
Q

17% are carriers of hydrocephalus, cant get rid of this

A

Friesien horse

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69
Q

Does recessive always mean bad

A

no

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70
Q

Must be defined numerically to be accurately described

A

Quantitative traits

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71
Q

A range of values

A

Quantitative traits

72
Q

quantitative traits that phenotypically look like qualitative traits

A

Threshold traits

73
Q

they are discrete (qualitative)

A

Phenotypic scales

74
Q

they are continuous (quantitative)

A

Genetic scale

75
Q

Quantitative traits tend to

Be controlled by many or little to no loci, each with small effects

Have a large or small effect of the environment

Are less or more easily manipulated and controlled

A

Be controlled by MANY loci, each with small effects

Have a LARGE effect of the environment

Are LESS easily manipulated and controlled

76
Q

The genetic model

A

P = G + E

77
Q

G expressed in some E

A

Phenotype

78
Q

Total effect of all genes, the value of an animal’s gene to itself

A

Genetic Value

79
Q

Everything non genetic

A

Environment

80
Q

Genetic value equation

A

G = A + D + I

A = additives
D = dominance
I = Epistasis

81
Q

Why is Genetic value different from breeding value

A

Can’t transmit dominance and epistasis ONLY additive values to breeding value

82
Q

When changing the frequencies of genotypes, you are also changing the frequency of what

A

phenotypes

83
Q

The value of an animal’s genes to its progeny

A

Breeding Value

84
Q

Only additives value

A

Breeding Value

85
Q

how does a higher breeding value affect genetic frequency

A

Higher breeding value. The higher the genetic frequency of the populations

86
Q

What does the Mean, Genetic Value and Breeding value depend on?

A

The gene frequencies in the populations

87
Q

Why are national evaluations important

A

It is easier for us to compare the animals when they are together, not from an single herd

88
Q

How do we predict the future, Mains tools available for animal breeders

A

Selection
Mating System
Animal disposal

89
Q

decide which animals become parents of the next generations

A

Selection

90
Q

decide which animals are mated to each other

A

Mating system

91
Q

remove animals based on current performance (remove worst ones, to improve current herd)

A

Animal disposal

92
Q

Two effects important when working in cross breeding

A

Dominance and epistasis

93
Q

Interactions of the allele at the same loci, not transmittable

A

Dominance

94
Q

the interaction among allele at different loci

A

Epistasis

95
Q

When is it transmittable in Epistasis

A

loci on the same chromosomes and are linked

96
Q

What should you look for when buying a cow

A

The breeding value
The environment it was raised

97
Q

What causes differences in performance

A

Environment

98
Q

affects group of animals

A

Macro environment

99
Q

affects individual uniquely

A

Micro environment

100
Q

Example of macroenvironment

A

Feed Quality
Climate
Housing

101
Q

Example of microenvironment

A

Age
Disease
Social Order

102
Q

affect the animal for the remainder of its life

A

Permanent Environment

103
Q

affects a single record

A

Temporary Environment

104
Q

We want to use phenotype to predict Genetic value but what complicates things

A

Environment

105
Q

How do we account for E

A

Adjust records

Deviated from contemporary group mean

106
Q

2 types of adjust records

A

additive factors
Multiplicative factors

107
Q

add a constant

A

additive factors

108
Q

multiply by a percent

A

Multiplicative factors

109
Q

Bring everyone to the same scale, like age, so it is easier to compare

A

Adjust record

110
Q

Known source of variation when adjusting

A

Age
Sex
Age of dam
Parity of dam
Location

111
Q

All records should be adjusted by the same or different method

A

All records should be adjusted by the SAME method

112
Q

Compare animals to other in the same group

A

Deviated from contemporary group mean

113
Q

A group of animals with an equal opportunity to perform

A

Deviated from contemporary group mean

114
Q

What makes a good contemporary group?
5 things

A

Large number of animals

From different families - have variability

Measure all animals

Similar ages

Placed on test in the same facility on the same day

115
Q

To get a good average

A

Large number of animals

116
Q

We want to compare animals for selection - dont want to reduce variability

A

From different families - have variability

117
Q

ALL individual should be recorded so we don’t bias the family mean and group mean

A

Measure all animals

118
Q

Don’t measure just the good ones. Use random sample if needed

A

Measure all animals

119
Q

Equal environment = equal opportunity

A

Placed on test in the same facility on the same day

120
Q

same group meaning same age

A

Similar age

121
Q

Is there a perfect contemporary group

A

No

122
Q

Proportions of genotypic variance to the phenotypic variance, what we see in the next generations

A

Heritability

123
Q

How easily we can change the trait

A

Magnitude of heritability

124
Q

Additional influence of a mother on the phenotype of offspring

A

Maternal effects

125
Q

What are the two categories of maternal effects

A

Maternal genetics effects

Maternal environmental effects

126
Q

Important in the early life but reduces over time

How good the Dam is, such as milk production. Good genetic component

A

Maternal genetics effects

127
Q

Effects in the mum’s belly that effects, mother is receiving nutrition that helps the baby

A

Maternal environmental effects

128
Q

Looking at future performance of the same animal

A

Repeatability

129
Q

What is gonna be repeated for the next lactation (example) and so on

A

Repeatability

130
Q

3 types of Animal fields

A

Low
Moderate
High

131
Q

More difficult to be improved by selection, Need to keep them longer in your breeding plan

A

Low

132
Q

Reproduction, health and survival

A

Low

133
Q

There is opportunity for selection. Improvements are generations after generations

A

Moderate

134
Q

Performance trait, growth traits (body weight)

A

Moderate

135
Q

Selection is very effective. You can make lots of improvements in a few generations

A

High

136
Q

Carcass trait, height, length, back fat

A

High

137
Q

Should you Always include all the traits even though heritability is low?

A

Yes, you just need to keep them longer

138
Q

Valuable traits tend to have low, moderate and high heritability

A

low

139
Q

Making breeding decision
3 things

A

Select to produce replacements

Allow to produce market offspring

Culled from the herd

140
Q

% of alleles in two individuals that are identical by descent

A

Relationship coefficient

141
Q

% of loci in an individual that have both allele identical by descent

A

Inbreeding coefficient

142
Q

Relationship between sire and the offspring is

A

0.5

143
Q

Relationship between dam and the offspring is

A

0.5

144
Q

Relationship between full siblings can, in theory, range from and average

A

range from 0 to 1

average 0.5

145
Q

Relationship between half siblings can, in theory, range from

A

range from 0 to 0.5

average 0.25

146
Q

Relationship between full sibling

A

0.5

147
Q

Relationship between parent-offspring

A

0.5

148
Q

Relationship between half siblings

A

0.25

149
Q

Relationship between grandparents - grand progeny

A

0.25

150
Q

Which ones are exact relationships and which ones are average?

A

exact relationship: parent offspring

Average: Full sibs, half sibs, and grandparents

151
Q

Uses of relationship

A

Prediction of breeding valve

Calculating inbreeding of an animal

152
Q

IBS

A

Alleles identical by state

153
Q

IBD

A

Alleles identical by descents

154
Q

looks the same because same allele but different parents

A

Allele by state

155
Q

coming from the same parent

A

Identical by descent

156
Q

If the parents of an individual are unrelated, the inbreeding coefficients of the individual is always

A

0

157
Q

inbreeding coefficient
Parent-offspring

A

25%

158
Q

inbreeding coefficient Mating full sibs

A

25%

159
Q

inbreeding coefficient Mating half sibs

A

12.5%

160
Q

inbreeding coefficient Animal with grandparent

A

3.1%

161
Q

the mating of relative

A

Inbreeding

162
Q

What is the potential relationship between inbreeding and selection:

A

The top selection are usually related

163
Q

Inbreeding results

A

Establishment of uniform populations

Potential improvement of traits of interest

Lost of genetic diversity

Inbreeding depression

164
Q

Is heterozygosity increase or decrease in inbreeding

A

decrease

165
Q

is homozygosity increase or decrease in inbreeding

A

increase

166
Q

Decrease heterozygosity = increase homozygosity
leads to what

A

lead to deleterious recessive alleles

167
Q

Decrease performance of inbreds

A

Inbreeding depression

168
Q

Inbreeding consenquences

A

Increase rate of homozygosity resulting in deleterious recessive allele

Loss of genetic variability

Reduced fitness and vigor of animals

Increased susceptibility to diseases

Decrease reproductive success

169
Q

Main reason to inbred

A

To create uniformity within a line

Test potentially valuable sires that may be carriers of underside allele

Increase hybrid vigor

170
Q

gives the expected values or average

A

Pedigree

171
Q

give the realized values or real values

A

Genomic

172
Q

Importance of genetic parentage testing

A

Determine/confirm parentage by analyzing the DNA

173
Q

The greatest advantage of animal breeding compared to other
disciplines is that

A

Changes are cumulative, permanent and long term

174
Q

any characteristic of an animal that can take on different values

A

variable or trait

175
Q

record of information, such as
the weight of an animal

A

Observation (or phenotype)

176
Q
A

ANSC Genetics (5 decks)

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