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Intro to Sociology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Looking Glass Self

A

The self that emerges as a consequence of seeing ourselves as we think other people see us

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2
Q

Theory of Mind

A

The recognition that other minds exist, followed by the realization that we can try to imagine others’ mental states

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3
Q

Social Psychology

A

The study of the interface between the individual and society; “the mind is social” and “society is mental”

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4
Q

Confidentiality

A

A promise that the researcher will not release personal information that can be connected to the research subject, including the fact of their participation

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5
Q

Laboratory Experiments

A

A research method that involves a test of a hypothesis under carefully controlled conditions

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6
Q

Dependent Variables

A

A variable that is hypothesized to be influenced by the independent variable; expected to show effect

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7
Q

Independent Variables

A

A variable that is hypothesized to influence the dependent variable; causes an effect

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8
Q

In-depth Interview

A

A research method that involves an intimate conversation between the researcher and a research subject

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9
Q

Correlational Claims

A

Assertions that changes in an independent variable correspond to changes in a dependent variable, but not in a way that can be proven causal

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10
Q

Causal Claims

A

Assertions that an independent variable is directly and specifically responsible for producing a change in a dependent variable

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11
Q

Control Group

A

The group in a laboratory experiment that does not undergo the experience that researchers believe might influence the dependent variable

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12
Q

Coding

A

A process in which segments of text are identified as belonging to relevant categories

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13
Q

Durkheim and The Self

A

The self is a social fact; we are real because social facts are real

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14
Q

Mead; the I and the Me

A

One is the object of thought (self we see in the mirror), one is the subject of thought (self feeling pride and embaressment)

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15
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Neurons that allows us to feel other people’s emotions as if they were our own

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16
Q

The Generalized Other

A

Imagined others of a specific social group

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17
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

A phenomenon in which what people believe is true becomes true, even if it wasn’t originally true

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18
Q

Self-narrative

A

A story we tell about the origin and likely future of our selves

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19
Q

Social Facts

A

Products of human interaction with persuasive or coercive power that exist externally to any individual; handshakes

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20
Q

Self-Concept

A

Our understanding of who we are based on our personality traits, physical characteristics, ancestry, and biographies

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21
Q

Socialization

A

The lifelong learning process by which we become members of our cultures

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22
Q

Agents of Socialization

A

Channels of influence through which we become socialized

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23
Q

Re-socialization

A

The unlearning of old beliefs, values, and norms in favor of new ones

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24
Q

Social Construct

A

An influential and shared interpretation of reality that will vary across time and space

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25
Q

Social Construction

A

The process by which we layer objects with ideas, fold concepts into one another, and build connections between them

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26
Q

Interpersonal Socialization

A

Active efforts by others to help us become culturally competent members of our cultures

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27
Q

Social Learning

A

The transmission of knowledge and practices from one individual to another via observation, instruction, or reward and punishment

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28
Q

Culture

A

Differences in groups’ shared ideas, as well as the objects, practices, and bodies that reflect those ideas

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29
Q

Cultural Beliefs

A

Ideas about what is true and false

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30
Q

Cultural Values

A

Notions as to what’s right or wrong

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30
Q

Cultural Practices

A

The habits, routines, and rituals that people frequently perform specific to their culture

31
Q

Cultural Norms

A

Shared expectations for behavior

32
Q

Cultural Competence

A

Able to understand and navigate our cultures with ease

33
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

The practice of noting the differences between cultures without passing judgment

34
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The practice of assuming that one’s own culture is superior to the cultures of others

34
Q

Homophily

A

Our tendency to connect with others who are similar to us

35
Q

Culture Shock

A

Compromise of cultural competence; not knowing what’s going on or how to communicate

36
Q

Social Network Analysis

A

A research method that involves the mapping of social ties and exchanges between them

37
Q

Subcultures

A

Subgroups within societies that have distinct cultural ideas, objects, practices, and bodies

38
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

People categorize themselves into different social categories to build their own social identity

39
Q

Social Identities

A

An individual’s knowledge or belonging to certain social groups, together with some emotional and valuational significance of that group membership

40
Q

“Doing Identity”

A

The concept of who we believe ourselves to be (e.g. Culture, gender, age)

41
Q

Steps in the process of social identity construction

A

Invent, Divide, Stereotype, Perform, Rank

42
Q

Distinction

A

Social force whereby people use various strategies to differentiate and distance themselves from others in society and to assign themselves greater value in the process

43
Q

Sex

A

Reference to physical traits related to sexual reproduction

43
Q

Ethnicity

A

Identities based on collective memories of a shared history and distinctive culture

44
Q

Race

A

Socially meaningful set of artificial distinctions falsely based on superficial and imagined biological differences

45
Q

Gender

A

Ideas, traits, interests, and skills that associate with being biologically male or female

46
Q

The Gender Binary

A

Idea that people come in two and only two types, males who are masculine and females who are feminine

47
Q

Sexual Minorities

A

People who are gay, lesbian, bisexual, or otherwise non-heterosexual

48
Q

Intersectionality

A

Recognition that our lives are shaped by multiple interacting identities, coined by Kimberle Crenshaw

49
Q

Stereotype

A

Clusters of ideas attached by social convention to people with specific social identities

50
Q

Stigma

A

The social phenomenon or process whereby individuals that are taken to be different in some way are rejected by the greater society in which they live based on that difference

51
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

The view of social behavior that emphasizes linguistic or gestural communication and its subjective understanding, especially the role of language in the formation of the child as a social being

52
Q

Symbolic Interaction

A

Develops from practical considerations and alludes to humans’ particular use of shared language to create common symbols and meanings, for use in both intra- and interpersonal communication

53
Q

Impression Management

A

The attempt to manipulate the thoughts of others, controlling or influencing another person’s perception

54
Q

“Choosing a Face”

A

Concept linked to the dignity and prestige that a person has in terms of their social relationships

55
Q

Mores

A

Moral standards that determine right and wrong, can change depending on the culture, group, or society, and are the basis of some laws

56
Q

Norms

A

The perceived informal, mostly unwritten, rules that define acceptable and appropriate actions within a given group or community, thus guiding human behavior

57
Q

Folkways

A

Specific social norms that define and guide behaviors (what is considered rude or not).

58
Q

Taboo

A

A social group’s ban, prohibition, or avoidance of something based on the group’s sense that it is excessively repulsive, offensive, sacred, or allowed only for certain people. Such prohibitions are present in virtually all societies

59
Q

Policies

A

Protocols or the procedure to implement laws

60
Q

Law

A

The set of standards to sovern the people and their behavior

61
Q

Social Sanctions

A

A social reaction of approval or disapproval in response to someone’s actions

62
Q

Account

A

Verbal statements made by one social actor to another to explain behavior that are unanticipated or deviant

63
Q

Dramaturgy

A

Perspective on identity that employs a theatrical metaphor o explore issues of identity formation and reformation

64
Q

Front Stage

A

The behavior a person performs in front of an audience

65
Q

Backstage

A

Refers to the behaviors people engage in when they are no longer in the public view

66
Q

Status Advantaged Identities

A

Individuals who hold or control more resources than others

67
Q

Status Disadvantaged Identities

A

Individuals who hold or control fewer resources than others

68
Q

Marked Identities

A

An identity that is labeled and is considered more or less extreme than normal

69
Q

Interpersonal Discrimination

A

Occurs when a person’s conscious or subconscious racial bias influences their interactions and perceptions of other people

70
Q

Field Experiments

A

A research method that uses some controlled elements of traditional lab experiments, but takes place in natural, real world settings

71
Q

Discrimination

A

Unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, or sexual orientation

72
Q

Ethnomethodology

A

A method of sociology analysis that examines how individuals use everyday conversation and gestures to construct a common sense view of the world

Intro to Sociology (2 decks)

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