Exam 1 Flashcards
Influence of humanism on Reformation thought
o catalyst to the Protestant Reformation and thoughts and ideas of Martin Luther
o humanist education that exposed Luther to the classics and the early church fathers that previously had been known by name only
o humanism and secularism led people to question the church
o “Learning improves and ennobles
causes and effects of Luther’s reforms
o began the reformation, religious reform
o led founding of Christian churches that didn’t accept pope’s authority
o pope threatened to excommunicate
o emperor Charles summoned him to Worms
o German peasants revolted
o Princes started protesting (Protestant) which led to war against Charles V
Luthers experience at Diet of Worms
o Refused to recant positions
o Declared outlaw and heretic
o Powerful German princes protected him
other Protestant traditions
- Anabaptism
- Calvinism
- Anglicanism
Anabaptism
being baptized again, adult baptism even if baptism had been performed in infancy
Calvinism
founded by John Calvin
Strong moral code and believed in predestination, live as the elect
God is omnipotent and omniscient
Supported constitutional representative government and separate of church and state
Institutio Christianae Religionis
Calvinism core beliefs (5)
o Total depravity – all people are depraved
o Unconditional election – God saves through mercy
o Limited atonement – only serves the elect
o Irresistible grace – saving grace among the elect
o Perseverance of the saints
Anglicanism
o Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII and Elizabeth 1
o Clergy: bishop, priest, deacon
artists of the Northern Renaissance (4)
Dürer
Grünewald
Bosch
Bruegel
the main points of Erasmus and Luther in their debate on free will
Erasmus: Free Will- agency
Luther: Bondage of the Will- predestination
Durer
more famous for his prints than his paintings in his day
LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
Artists studying human anatomy
Grunewald
exposes northern use of realism, religion, symbolism, emotion
Reintroduces medieval hierarchy of figures (more important figures are larger) combined with intense passion and drama. Rejects classical restraint in favor of dramatic, even violent images of contemplation
Bosch
surrealist painter of the Netherlands who focused his works on symbolism, fantasy, confusion, death, torments of hell
Bruegel
famous Flemish painter who depicted landscapes with the central focus on human peasant life
Love of landscape and genre scenes
Van Hemessen
Realistically rendered detail and sensitive, thoughtful expressions trained by her father, worked on some of his commissions
characteristics of Northern Renaissance paintings and prints (9)
o specialty: intense realism
o style: lifelike features, unflattering
o subjects: religious and domestic scenes
o figures: prosperous citizens, peasants
o portraits: reveal individual personality
o technique: oil painting on wood panel
o emphasis: visible appearance
o basis of art: observation
o composition: complex, irregular
indulgences
according to Roman Catholicism, removal or remission of the punishment that is due to purgatory for sins, the forgiving of sin upon repentance
release sinner from penalty from priest, through good works or prayers along with payment of money
Holy Roman Empire
multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during early Middle Ages and continues until dissolution in 1806 – imperial diet was legislative body of Holy Roman Empire and superior to emperor, included positions called prince-electors who elected the prospective emperor
95 Theses
An academic proposition; a proposition to be debated and proved or disproved – challenged roman catholic doctrine of indulgences
Iconoclasm
Having to do with the destruction or removal of sacred religious images – denunciation of paintings, statues, other visuals as form of papist idolatry
Engraving
An image created by cutting into or corroding with acid the surface of a metal plate or wooden block, such that several prints of the image can be made by pressing paper or paper like materials against the plate or block – used for Adam and Eve by Durer
Altarpiece
a work of art, especially a painting on wood, set above and behind an alter
Triptych
art consisting of a painting or carving, especially altarpiece, on three panels, hinged together, Bosch used on Garden of Earthly Delights
Linear perspective
parallel lines appear to converge with distance
the turmoil in politics, succession, and religion surrounding Henry VIII
o his final break from the catholic church led to the development of ties between England and other countries of reformation, particularly Netherlands
o England secretly helped Netherlands vs Spanish
the six wives of Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon (divorced)
Anne Boleyn (beheaded)
Jane Seymour (died)
Anne of Cleves (divorced)
Catherine Howard (beheaded)
Catherine Parr (survived)
Catherine of Aragon
1st – mother of Mary 1. The divorce precipitated England’s break with Rome - DIVORCED
Anne Boleyn
2nd - mistress during reformation, gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen. Wanted to end marriage with Catherine to marry Anne – BEHEADED
Jane Seymour
3rd wife who gave birth to Edward VI, died during childbirth – DIED
Anne of Cleves
4th, unattractive – DIVORCED
Catherine Howard
5th executed for adultery, had no children BEHEADED
Catherine Parr
6th wife, had no children, outlived Henry
successors to Henry VIII and the resulting shifts between Protestant and Catholic interests (Edward, Mary, Elizabeth)
Edward VI
court portraits by Hans Holbein and Nicholas Hilliard
Anne of Cleves
ermine portrait of a queen
the contrasting style of Spanish art in the works of El Greco
pulled together mystical and realistic color, venetian influence, distortion of figures is more mannerism
unique instruments and musical compositions of the Northern Renaissance
o virginal – instruments
o musical compositions: motet, madrigals, anthems
major Northern Renaissance composers and their works (5)
Praetorius
Dowland
Henry VIII
Tallis
Morley
Praetorius
German composer, organist, music theorist
Most versatile composers of age, particularly significant in development of musical forms based on protestant hymns
Dowland
most melancholy works, ayres, travelled all over, greatest virtuoso of his day on the lute
Tallis
famous for 40 part motet “spem in alium” written for 8 choirs of 5 singers each, each of 5 has unique part to sing, 40 singers have unique part, expressive and emotion combination
Morley
lighthearted tone and fast moving songs aim to please listeners and performers, popular because of printing
theatres and dramatic performances in Tudor England
stage was large platform jutting out – pit or ground, allowed people of all classes to attend
Shakespeare’s background, work, and legacy
Went to grammar school and quit to marry anne Hathaway, they had 3 children. Wrote sonnets when legal restrictions banned actors
memento mori
object as warning or reminder of death, ex – skull
motet
short piece of sacred choral music, typically polyphonic and unaccompanied
madrigal
renaissance secular work originating in italy for voices, with or without instruments, set to short, lyric love poem, popular in England
Oriana
book of English madrigals, complied and published in 1601 by Thomas Morley, first edition has 25 pieces by 23 composers, dedication to queen Elizabeth 1
Lute
plucked string instrument that is a relative of the guitar
Groundlings
spectator or reader of inferior taste, member of theater audience who traditionally stood in the pit below the stage, paid pennies
Soliloquy
long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage
the genesis and the objectives of the Counter Reformation in Italy
started by roman catholic church
the characteristics and the objectives of Counter Reformation Baroque art and architecture
o placed extremes of human behavior and emotion front and center
tried to analyze how and why their subjects felt
writers used elaborate imagery
the outcomes of the Council of Trent, influence of Jesuits
o outcome: council redefined catholic doctrines and reaffirmed those dogmas that Protestantism had challenged
tried to eliminate the abuses by the clergy and to tighten discipline
influence of the Jesuits
key instruments in the campaign to reestablish the authority of the church led their militia like charge with persuasion, il Gesu
re-design and embellishment of St. Peter’s Basilica
o old basilica was deemed inadequate
o Julius II decided on complete reconstruction
o Pope Paul V – dismantle whatever remained, hired Carlo Maderno to design 27 popes had come and gone before it was done
painters, sculptors, and architects of the Counter Reformation Baroque
Caravaggio
Gentileschi
Bernini
Gaulli
Borromini
Caravaggio
Italian painter known for realistic depiction of religious subjects, novel use of light “controversial” in trouble with the law, use of tenebrism
Gentileschi
accomplished female painter
Elected to the Florentine academy of design, one of first female artists to paint historical and religious paintings
Bernini
Italian sculptor and architect of Baroque period in Italy
Most prolific sculptor of baroque era
Baldacchino – bonze – columned canopy
Gaulli
an Italian artist working in the high baroque and early Rococo periods, best known for grand illusionistic vault frescos in the church of the Gesu in Rome
Work influenced by Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Borromini
reclusive outsider, loner, “architects’ architect”
Committed suicide at 68
Introduced MOTION
inquisition
church court set up to try people accused of heresy
the papal index
list of books banned by the catholic church, the books contained ideas that went against the church’s ideas
baldacchino
a canopy on columns, frequently built over an altar
relic
object considered holy because it belonged to, or was touched by a saint or other holy person
mysticism
form of religious belief and practice involving sudden insight and intense experiences of God
Chiaroscuro
treatment of light and shade in a work of art, especially to give an illusion of depth
Tenebrism
painting in the “shadowy manner” using violent contrasts of light and dark as in the work of Caravaggio
Apocrypha
books of jewish scriptural writings that are not included in the canon of some bibles, including the current King James Bible
painters for the aristocracy
Velázquez
Rubens
Poussin
Velazquez
Spanish court painter and confidant of King Philip IV, harsh realism
Rubens
Flemish artists, most sought after
Emulated chiaroscuro
Ran large workshop to keep pace with his commissions
Poussin
most renowned French painter of 17th century
Work was protest against excesses of Baroque
Classical antiquity
painters for the Dutch Republic
Rembrandt
Hals
Vermeer
Steen
Claesz
Ruisdale
civil war, plague, and fire in England, and the rebuilding of St. Paul’s Cathedral (Wren)
o reconstructed by Christopher Wren
redesign is midway of Italian Baroque (flowing) and French Baroque (strict classicism)
Etching
process of cutting into a surface with the use of an acid product
Classicism
deriving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture; implies formality, objectivity, simplicity, and restraint
Absolute monarch
king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society – Louis XIV
Parliament
body of representatives that makes laws for a nation
the development of opera as a major art form
demand for secular music grew and sacred music moved for a more universal appeal, born in Florence
characteristics and compositional developments within Baroque music
o style of music between 1600-1750 characterized by the use of the harpsichord
loaded with tension, drive (motor rhythm) activity, flairs for the dramatic
composers of the Baroque Era
Monteverdi
Handel
Bach
Vivaldi
discoveries and theories of major Baroque scientists and philosophers
Galileo
Descartes
Hobbes
Locke
Galileo
proved Copernicus’ theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed modern experimental method
Descartes
1596-1650: French Philosopher, discovered analytical geometry
Saw algebra and geometry have a direct relationship
Reduced everything to spiritual or physical
Hobbes
English philosopher and political theorist best known for his book Leviathan – 1651 – in which he argues the only way to secure civil society is through universal submission to the absolute authority of a sovereign
MATERIALISM – solved political not philosophical problems
Locke
wrote two treatises of government.
Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property
He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel
notable Baroque writers
Molière
Cervante
Donne
Bradstreet
moliere
French actor/ playwright who produced comedies that made fun of French society
Cervantes
Spanish writer best remembered for Don Quixote which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of novel from (1547- 1616)
Donne
earliest poet to write in metaphysical style had big influence on younger generation of poets
Became Anglican preacher, later became Dean of Saint Paul’s
Gave intellectual expression to EMOTIONAL experience
Bradstreet
First American poet and key figure in history of American literature
Works shows struggle of her illness and New England colonial life
Florentine Camerata
group of humanists, musicians, poets, and intellectuals in late renaissance Florence who gathered under patronage of count Giovanni de bardi to discuss and guide trends in the arts – result recitative formed
Recitative
musically heightened speech, often in opera, oratorio, cantata to report dramatic action and advance the plot
Aria
operatic solo – song sung by one person in an opera or oratorio
Oratorio
large scale musical composition on a sacred subject
Performed without action, scenery or costume, in a church
Harpsichord
plucked keyboard instrument from the Baroque period of music forerunner of modern piano
Concerto grosso
orchestral composition where musical material is passed from a small group of soloists to the full orchestra and back again
Polyphony
music with two or more melodies blended together
Fugue
musical piece where a single theme is passed from voice to voice or instrument to instrument repeating the principal theme in different pitches
Counterpoint
the addition of one or more independent melodies above or below the main melody, playing more than one melody simultaneously, with both given equal value
Picaresque novel
form of fiction having an engaging, roguish hero who is involved in a series of humorous or satirical experiences
