Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
triacylglycerol molecules
A
6x the energy in glucose
2
Q
Metabolism
A
- controlled set of chemical reactions that occur in living cells to sustain life
- allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain structures, and respond to the environment
3
Q
Starting product of glycolysis
A
glucose
4
Q
Glycolysis occurs in…?
A
cytoplasm
5
Q
Glycolysis is an …. process
A
anaerobic
6
Q
End products of glycolysis
A
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
7
Q
Pyruvate oxidized to acetyl coA occurs when?
A
Between stages 1 & 2 of glycolysis
8
Q
Pyruvate oxidized to acetyl coA occurs where?
A
Mitochondrial matrix
9
Q
Pyruvate oxidized to acetyl coA is catalyzed by…?
A
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
10
Q
Enzyme-coupled reaction
A
Two coupled half-reactions (spontaneous and non-spontaneous)
11
Q
When do enzyme-coupled reactions occurs?
A
Steps 6 & 7 of glycolysis
12
Q
What initiates Krebs cycle?
A
Generation of acetyl coA
13
Q
Krebs cycle occurs where?
A
Mitochondrial matrix
14
Q
Krebs cycle is an …. process
A
anaerobic
15
Q
Oxidative phosphorylation
A
Reduces oxygen to water
16
Q
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in …?
A
mitochondrial membrane
17
Q
Oxidative phosphorylation requires ….?
A
oxygen + 30 ATP
18
Q
Products of the Citric Acid cycle
A
ATP, FADH2, NADH
19
Q
Drosophila melanogaster
A
-revealed structure of adult multicellular organism
-DNA genome well-known
20
Q
Transmission electron microscope
A
- uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens
- can see cellular components as small as 2 nm
21
Q
polymerization
A
joining by covalent bonds
22
Q
monosacccharides
A
joined by covalent, glycosidic bonds
23
Q
peptide bond
A
covalent linkage between adjacent amino acids in protein chain
24
Q
nucleic acids
A
long polymers of covalently bound nucleotides
25
phosphodiester bonds
bond formed between sugar and phosphate to form backbone of nucleic acids
26
Where are phosphodiester bonds located?
between 5' and 3' C
27
Metabolic pathways
- connected in series
- end product is starting material for next reaction
28
Where do electrons for proton gradient come from?
Krebs cycle
29
2 organelles that likely evolved from bacteria
mitochondria and chloroplasts
30
Type of microscope that requires 2 filters?
Fluorescent
31
Nonpolar amino acids are ...?
Hydrophobic
32
How are images generated in confocal microscopy?
Single plane of focus (optical section)
33
amphipathic
having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
34
Exceptions to central dogma
Viruses
35
Genes hold the code, but _____ determines function
expression
36
z-stack
images of a series of optical sections
37
prokaryotes
- small, single-celled
- most diverse of all cells
- can adapt to extreme environments
- 2 domains: bacteria and archaea
38
eukaryotes
- can be single-celled or multicellular
- membrane-bound nucleus
- most have organelles
39
endoplasmic reticulum
"highway" of the cell
40
lysosome
waste disposal system
41
peroxisomes
provide a safe space in the cell to carry out biochemical processes that are harmful to the cell
42
Eukaryotes likely evolved as ___?
predators
43
What aids eukaryotes w/ movement?
cytoskeleton + large flexible membrane
44
Arabidopsis thaliana
- common wall cress
- produces thousands of offspring in 8-10 weeks
- easily grown indoors
- complete DNA sequence known
45
C. elegans
- neurons of brain completely mapped
- led to understanding of apoptosis
- used in alcohol studies
46
Danio rerio
- zebra fish
- transparent for first 2 weeks of life
- excellent for developmental studies
47
Hayflick limit
maximum # of times cell can divide
48
immortalized cell line
"transformed" cells can grow indefinitely
49
Cells are mostly comprised of ___?
carbon compounds
50
hydrophilic
dissolves in water (DNA, RNA, sugars)
51
non-covalent bonds
- weaker
- Molecular Dating
52
condensation reaction
- creates bond
- H2O is expelled as bond forms
53
hydrolysis
- breaks bond
- H2O is consumed
54
What makes up lipids?
fatty acids
55
carboxyl group
- chemically reactive
- behaves as an acid
56
saturated fats
- no double bonds
- pack together in solid mass (clogged artery)
57
unsaturated fats
- contain at least 1 double bond
- bonds produce kinks
58
Directionality
N --> C
59
RNA
bases: A, G, C, U
- usually single-stranded
60
Western blotting
allows visualization of proteins w/ use of antibodies that bind to proteins of interest
61
confocal microscopy
scans specimen w/ focused laser beam
62
Bonds in carbs
glycosidic
63
light microscope
uses a beam of light passing through one or more lenses to magnify an object
64
electron microscope
forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen
65
confocal microscope
uses fluorescent stains and laser to make two- and three-dimensional images
66
Scanning electron microscope
uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample, coated with metal atoms, to study details of its topography
67
fluorescent microscope
used to visualize a specimen that has been labeled with a fluorescent dye; samples are illuminated with a wavelength of light that excites the dye, causing it to fluoresce
68
chloroplast
organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
69
ribosomes
protein synthesis
70
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell --> biochemical processes for respiration and energy production occur
71
smooth ER
portion of ER responsible for creating lipids
72
rough ER
portion of ER studded with ribosomes
73
plasma membrane
selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer forming boundary of cells
74
nucleus
control center
75
golgi apparatus
stack of membranes in the cell that modify, sort, and package proteins from ER
76
cytoskeleton
network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
77
exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
78
endocystosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
79
E. coli
- Used to replicate bacterial growth.
- Grow rapidly
- Showed us how cells replicate their DNA and how they decode their DNA to make proteins
80
N-terminus
the end of a polypeptide or protein that has a free amino group
81
C-terminus
the end of a polypeptide or protein that has a free carboxyl group
82
conformation
The particular three-dimentional shape of a protein molecule
83
Catabolism
Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy
84
Catabolic pathways
Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
85
entropy
measure of disorder or randomness
86
photosynthesis
conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy
87
cellular respiration
process that releases energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen
88
electron transport chain
A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP
89
NADPH
An electron carrier involved in photosynthesis
90
NADH
reduced form of NAD+; an electron-carrying molecule that functions in cellular respiration
91
alpha helix
A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure
92
Beta pleated sheet
The polypeptide folds back and forth on itself, forming a pleated sheet that is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between carbonyl groups in one chain and amide groups in the other chain
- can be parallel or antiparallel
93
primary structure
amino acid sequence
94
secondary structure
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
95
tertiary structure
full 3D conformation of a single polypeptide chain
96
quaternary structure
complex of multiple polypeptide chains
97
globular proteins
proteins that are water soluble
98
fibrous proteins
structural sheets or strands
99
disulfide bonds
hold extracellular proteins together
100
ligand
A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one
101
substrate
The reactant on which an enzyme works
102
binding site
the location on a receptor protein to which a ligand binds
103
antibodies
Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents. Y shaped and attacks antigens
104
antigens
Foreign material that invades the body
105
active site of enzyme
the region of an enzyme that attaches to a substrate
106
positive feedback
Magnifies a process or increases its output
107
negative feedback
Counteracts or stops process
108
allosteric regulation
- The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.
- Changes the shape of the active site
109
competitive regulation
the binding of a regulatory molecule to an enzymes active site which makes the enzyme inactive
110
protein kinase
An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein
111
GTP
energy source in protein synthesis
112
protein phosphorylation
The covalent addition of a phosphate group to a side chain of a protein, catalyzed by a protein kinase
113
GTP-binding proteins
- Molecular switches in cells
- Crucial role in intracellular signaling
- When the protein hydrolyses the phosphate, it switches the protein to "off"
114
motor proteins
A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell
115
chromatography
a process which separates the parts of a solution with special paper and a solvent
116
electrophoresis
method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge
117
mass spectometry
a technique that separates particles according to their mass
118
X-ray crystallography (NMR)
determines protein structure
119
receptor protein
information receptor that binds to other protein, triggering signal cascade
120
ubiquitination
signal to degrade/move protein
121
phosphorylation
turns p53 on and off
122
hydrolysis of GTP causes __?
small shift in structure --> large change in function
123
PDE5
breaks down cGMP
124
effector proteins
effect targeted cell responses
125
fast response time
phosphorylation turning proteins on and off (seconds to minutes)
126
Barbiturates
sedation
127
Nicotine
elevation of blood pressure
128
Morphine/heroin
analgesic/euphoria
129
Curare
paralysis
130
Capsaicin
spicy food
131
Menthol
cold/hot (Bengay)
132
Viagra
blocks PDE5 + breaks down cGMP
133
Nitric oxide gas
released from endothelial cells and diffuses into smooth muscle cells, causing prolonged relaxation
134
slow response time
transcription and translation making more proteins (minutes to hours)
135
protein machines
individual proteins collaborating to perform specific tasks
136
proteins can walk along ___?
cytoskeleton
137
phosphatase
removes phosphate
138
"on/off" switch
phosphorylation (chemical modification)
139
What does phosphorylation do?
changes shape of protein --> changes function of protein
140
4 things signaling cascades do
relay, amplify, integrate, distribute
141
What chains does post-translational modification effect?
Serine, threonine, tyrosine
142
Post-translational modification form ___?
regulatory protein code (protein "to-do" list)
143
Signaling cascade
External receptor --> intracellular signaling molecules --> effector proteins --> target cell responses
144
acetylation
modulates p53 activity
145
protein folding disorders
Alzheimer's, prions, Parkinson's
146
Most hormones are ___?
small + hydrophobic
147
feedback inhibition
enzyme acting early in a reaction pathway inhibited by late product of pathway
148
What stabilizes folded protein shape?
Hydrogen bonds
149
What is required to produce ATP?
membrane, proton pump, ATP synthase, source of high energy e- and H+
150
covalent bonds
Molecular Marriage
151
Final 3D shaped determined by?
amino acid sequence
152
What regulates glycogen?
Hormones
153
Excess sugar is converted into?
fatty acids
154
Amino acids linked by?
peptide bonds
155
Protein folding aided by?
molecular chaperones
156
