Exam 1 Flashcards
anterior view of humerus
visible on the humerus: intertubercular sulcus/biceptal groove, condyle clear view, no diagonal crease, two indentations, not one big one.
capitulum and trochlea
the specific parts of the chondyle
unilateral
one limb
bilateral
both limbs
ipsilateral
one side of body affected
contralateral
opposite side
anatomical position
non-weight bearing, feet drooped, thumbs out
attention (fundamental position)
head forward, palms at sides, feet at 90 degrees
skin
largest organ of the body
21 ft2
what is the square foot of skin in the average adult?
7%
percentage of body weight the skin takes up
30,000-40,000
how many skin cells flake off every minute?
keeps bad stuff out; protects from heat/cold; utilizes/stores water, salt, fat, and blood; sensation info (pain, pressure, temp, etc); fights diseases, germs, and cancers; excretes waste; makes vitamins
skin’s 7 jobs
tzaaraath
term for lots of sweeping diseases of skin and clothes
leprosy
this disease is contagious, caused by bacteria, more likely to effect people with weak immune systems, treated with antibodies/anti-biotics
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat
skin’s 3 main layers
1st degree- epidermis, 2nd degree-dermis, 3rd degree-fat, 4th degree-muscle
degrees of burns
free nerve ending
light sensitive touch
Pacinian nerve
deep, give pressure sensations
capillary actions
little blood vessels
sweat glands
excrete waste and cooling and excess mineral experse
sebacous glands
create wax material (makes hair oily)
arrector pilli
muscles on each hair
melanocytes, keratinocytes, langerhan cells
cells of epidermis
melanocyte
this skin cell has pigment which is melanin in the epidermis but in the new cell area - it is deep
freckles
patches of melanin
albinism
no melanin (different levels)
tanning
this activity stimulates melanocytes which causes more melanin
melanoma
skin cancer difficult to treat
keratinocytes
more than 85% of epidermal cells
keratinocytes
this skin cell produces a protein called keratin
keratin
a protein that protects skin from UVA, UVB, and waterproofs skin
keratinocytes
this skin cell is deep in the epidermis sometimes called basal cells, with new skin, these cells travel closer to the surface = squamous cells
skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (treatable)
langerhan cells
this skin cell is technically part of the immune system, they fight foreign invaders and cancerous cells of the skin, made in bones, travel to skin’s epidermal layers
70
how many instances of hermatidrosis are recorded in history?
temp regulating, excretion of body waste, fights some bacteria growth, nerve response (emotional, psychological)
some reasons why we sweat!
sebaceous glands
gland that produces oil called “sebum”
sudoriferous glands
this type of gland includes eccrine glands (exercise sweat) and apocrine glands (sexual sweat)
ceruminous glands
glands that produce ear wax
lactiferous glands
glands that produces the mother’s milk
ecrine glands (merocrine)
gland that is the most abundant form on body, active before birth, produces mostly water with tiny amounts of salt
apocrine glands
gland that starts working at puberty, connected to secondary hair (pubic, axillary, etc), produces water, salt, fats, and proteins
interstitial fluid
this fluid “bathes” cells, contains water, salts, chlorides and flows up ducts
chaffing
a very common problem caused by repetitive rubbing, intense friction, lots of sweat
skin tissue
this tissue is made up of epithelial and connective tissue
connective tissue
this tissue is made up of loose (areolar) and adipose (cellular) tissue
loose connective tissue (areolar)
this tissue is between sheets of epithelial and other pieces in the body
adipose connective tissue (cellular)
this tissue is technically fat cells
fibers and cells
the two main structures of the connective tissue
elastins, collogens, reticulins, fibrous
examples of fiberous tissue in the body
fibroblasts, adipocytes, langerhans, macrophages
examples of cellular tissue in the body
epithelial, elastins, and collogens
the epidermis is made of mostly ______ tissue, which includes _____ and _____
adipose (cellular), fibroblasts (amebas), adipocytes (globs)
the subcutaneous layer is made of mostly ______ tissue, which includes _____ and _____
loose connective tissue (areolar), reiculars, fibrous
the dermis is made of mostly ______ tissue, which includes _____ and _____
keratinocytes
85% of skin cells - epidermal cells
melanocytes
10% of skin cells - skin pigment
langerhan cells
signal lymph response to send help to fight germs, etc.
cellulite causes
weakened dermis connective tissue while some remain strong; thin/dehydrated epidermis “epithelial”; increased estrogen which causes fat storage; increased fat in that area-genetic or diet; poor metabolism of fat and water; lifestyle
cellulite solutions
ultrasound zapping, electricity, mash/smash/press/shifting it, blast/stave/flood it- with supplements, diet, juicing, detox it, exercise it to death, rub topical treatments, scrape underneath it, suck it out from underneath, lazer beam, freeze it
gas exchanges, maintain pH balance of blood, protect from invaders, filters blood by expelling blood clots, fat clots, etc, talking
functions of the lungs
too much CO2
high pH in blood
nasopharynx
this region protects respiratory system from invaders through moisture (mucus, spit, etc), the nose and mouth traps a lot, hairs in nose, nerve response of sneezing and coughing, etc.
trachobronchial
this region protects respiratory system from invaders through the windpipe and major tubes (trachea and bronchioles) with cilia, catch and move it back up (coughed/swallowed)
pulmonary
this region protects the respiratory system from invaders through air sacks (no cilia) but macrophages, immune fighters that engulf invaders and break them into little pieces. The macrophages then carry the invader to the cilia. Cilia carries it the rest of the way.
upper
nasopharynx (naso, oro, hypo) are a part of the ______ respiratory.
lower
tracheobronchial and pulmonary are a part of the ____ respiratory.
breathing
______ is result of dimensional changes of the thorax (thoracic subregion)
diaphragm muscle
this muscle causes length in lungs
intercostal muscles exterior
these muscles causes width in lungs
intercostals and pectoralis minor
these muscles causes depth in lungs
greater
when the diaphragm relaxes, there is ____ pressure. (smaller space)
smaller
when the diaphragm relaxes, there is ____ space. (greater pressure)
expiration
relaxation of inspiration muscles and contraction of the internals
forceful expiration
_____ _____ would include relaxation of inspiration, contraction of internal intercostals and the ab
lungs
what organ can survive out of the body the longest
pneumothorax
collapsed lung
tidal volume
normal quiet restful breathing, we average 1/2 liter in and other 1/2 out
residual volume
there is air that remains no matter how hard you try to blow it out, like a safety backup system
1 liter
a little more than ___ ____ is available in residual volume
dead space
air that sits in trachea/bronchi area and doesn’t get exchanged
inspiration and expiration reserve
space available to suck in and blow out more air if we need to, such as exercise, nervous, etc.
medulla oblongata
controls lungs and tells breathing to stay rythmical
amygdala
could change breathing
receptors
breathing is controlled by _____
hypothalamus
____ reads blood chemistry and signals the medulla to speed up /slow down breathing
motor cortex
_____ _____ (in the brain) is for manual override of the automatic system (like holding your breath)
abs, diaphragm control, intercostals, challenging aerobic tasks, deep breathing exercises
exercises for breathing
lymphatic system
this system has two main purposes: to fight infections and to deliver nutrients
tissues and organs
network of ____ and _____ to rid body of toxings, waste, etc.
lymph, infection-fighting
the primary function of the lymphatic system: to transport ____ which contains ____-___ white blood cells
circulatory and lymphatic
these two systems work together
tonsils
catches stuff that comes by, filters bacteria/viruses entering mouth and nose
spleen
largest of lymph organs, filters, and is a large storage tank of lymph (white blood cells and infection fighters)
thymus
maker of infection fighters (t cells and b cells)
adenoids
serve similar purpose to the thymus except are in the back of the nose (nasopharanx region)
tonsils, spleen, thymus, adenoids
4 major lymph organs
cells, proteins, nutrients, waste, germs
lymphatic system transports (6 things) around the body
ducts
major vessels of the lymph system
endocrine system
a system that includes hormones for messengers that travel in the lymph system
