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Inequalities, Crime, & Justice > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

social inequality

A

structured and recurrent patterns of unequal group relations
- unequal power

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2
Q

dominant groups

A

those who have the most power and therefore have more access to opportunities and rewards
- defines norms and culture /crime and punishment/ and makes and applies the law

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3
Q

minority groups

A

those who have less power and therefore have less access to opportunities and rewards

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4
Q

social stratification

A

the way that social inequality has been hardened / institutionalized
-who gets what and why
- class, race, gender, education, sexual orientation

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5
Q

theory of intersectionality

A

the more minority identification that an individual has increases the amount of oppression and discrimination that they experience

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6
Q

just world outlook

A

the belief that the world is an orderly, predictable, and just place, where people get what they deserve

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7
Q

myth of meritocracy

A

the belief that societal success can be achieved through one’s own merits regardless of one’s social position

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8
Q

institutionalized

A

social inequality is embedded in our culture, norms, and laws to the point that it is widely accepted and rarely challenged

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9
Q

privilege

A

social advantages, benefits, or degrees of respect that an individual has by virtue of belonging to certain social identity groups

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10
Q

conflict theory

A

the law is used to maintain the power of the dominant group in society and to control the behavior of individuals or groups who threaten that power

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11
Q

mass incarceration

A

the US imprisons more people than any other nation in the world
- major driver of social inequality (disproportionality impacts the poor and racial minorities)

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12
Q

disparity

A

involves a difference, but one that does not necessarily involve discrimination
- Legal factors: embodied by law

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13
Q

discrimination

A

involves differences in outcomes that are based on differential treatment
- Extralegal factors: have no legal basis

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14
Q

Marc Mauer’s 4 factors for explaining racial disparities in CJ

A
  1. differential involvement in crime
  2. disparities in CJ processing
  3. overlap of race and class
  4. impact of race-neutral policies
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15
Q

race-neutral policy

A

a policy that does not refer specifically to race or ethnicity, but which has a disparate effect on people of a specific race or ethnicity

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16
Q

disparate impact

A

holds employers, housing authorities, and other entities accountable for practices that have discriminatory effects on groups protected by anti-discrimination laws

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17
Q

pure justice

A

there is no discrimination happening at any stage of the CJ system
- reforms are not necessary

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18
Q

individual acts of discrimination

A

discrimination that results from the acts of particular individuals, but is not characteristic of entire agencies or the CJ system as a whole
- “a few bad apples”

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19
Q

contextual discrimination

A

discrimination found in particular contexts or circumstances
- some practices need to change

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20
Q

institutionalized discrimination

A

disparities in outcomes that are the result of the application of racially neutral factors or policies
- policy reforms are needed

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21
Q

systematic discrimination

A

discrimination at all stages of the CJ system, at all times, at all places
- reforms won’t work

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22
Q

policy choices

A

those that determine how we will act in the future

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23
Q

convict-lease system

A

after the civil war, slavery continued in this form
- states leased prisoners to private railways, mines, large plantations
- states profited and the slaves earned nothing

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24
Q

defining race

A
  • historical definitions are problematic (biological differences)
  • socio-political construct
  • power
  • laws have traditionally affected the public’s opinions of race
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25
Q

lynching

A

the public execution of an individual who has not received any due process
- white people used to terrorize and control Black people in the 19th and 20th centuries

26
Q

plessy v. ferguson

A

separate but equal
- state-mandated segregation laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment

27
Q

civil war amendments

A

13, 14, 15
13: abolished slavery

28
Q

factors explaining why some crimes make the news

A
  1. nature of the offense
  2. type of offender
  3. type of victim
29
Q

crime as a social construct

A

the context of the time influences what we consider to be crime (the definition changes over time)
- dominant group makes the definition and assigns the social meaning

30
Q

Loving v. Virgina

A

struck down state laws banning marriage between individuals of different races
- unconstitutional and went against the 14th amendment

31
Q

racial hoax

A

occurs when a person (usually the victim) falsely claims that a crime was committed by member of a specific race

32
Q

missing white woman syndrome

A

the media’s fascination with, and detailed coverage of the cases of missing or endangered white women
- disinterest in covering
the disappearances of people of color

33
Q

controlling images

A

describe how black women are
constructed in the public imagination
- make it hard to think of Black women (and girls) as victims

34
Q

stereotypes about black men and boys

A

brute and the thug
- viewed as the typical
offender or “symbolic assailant”

35
Q

crime myths

A
  • Most crimes are interracial
  • The typical crime victim is White
  • The typical offender is Black or Hispanic
  • Most crime is violent
  • Crime is increasing in the US
    (incomplete picture of crime)
36
Q

race craft

A

institutional policies and practices that misconstrue racism for race
- inborn individual traits
- witchcraft

37
Q

skin game

A

describes how race permeates (spreads through) all areas of social life
- Blackness is viewed as the cause and effect of deviance

38
Q

crisis of inequality

A

a large and growing gap
between the rich and the poor
- exists regardless of race

39
Q

growing class divide within racial groups

A

This has particularly occurred with the growth of the Black and Hispanic middle class

40
Q

patterns of inequality

A
  1. large and growing gap
    between the rich and the poor (crisis of inequality)
  2. growing class divide within racial groups
  3. large economic gap between
    White / Asian Americans, and Black / Hispanic Americans
41
Q

collective efficiency

A

The feeling among neighborhood residents that
they can effectively influence neighborhood conditions
- can help overcome social
disorganization

42
Q

poverty rate

A

Minimum amount of income
needed for an adequate standard of living

43
Q

concentrated disadvantage

A

neighborhoods with high
percentages of residents of
low socioeconomic status
- new kind of poverty (people are not able to escape)

44
Q

median household income

A

half the households earn more and half earn less in a year

45
Q

unemployment rate

A

the number of unemployed
people as a percentage of the labor force (the sum of the employed and unemployed)

46
Q

wealth

A

the worth of all the assets a
person/family owns

47
Q

Kerner Commission

A

Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—
separate and unequal.
- Since the Kerner Commission’s Report, America’s inequality has worsened

48
Q

differential association theory

A

Criminal behavior is a learned behavior just like other behaviors
- the more contact a person has with people who are already involved in crime, the more
likely that person is to engage in criminal activity

49
Q

social capital

A

Personal networks of friends,
relationships, and other contacts

50
Q

cultural capital

A

education, knowledge, or skills
that give a person an advantage

51
Q

benign neglect

A

Municipal disinvestment or
noninterference (urban planning process in which a city or town or other municipal entity decides to abandon or neglect an area)

52
Q

white flight

A

white people moving out of urban areas, particularly those with significant minority populations, and into suburban areas

53
Q

social disorganization theory

A

The conditions of poverty
and neglected neighborhoods make crime more likely
- Poverty and unemployment undermine the family, which
is the primary unit of socialization

54
Q

strain theory

A

The gap between
approved goals and the means people have to achieve them creates “social strain”
- American Dream
- If someone cannot
achieve their goals through legitimate means then they may turn to illegitimate means

55
Q

Redlining

A

discriminatory practice in which services are withheld from potential customers who reside in neighborhoods classified as “hazardous” to investment
- these neighborhoods have significant numbers of racial
and ethnic minorities, and low-income residents

56
Q

broken windows policing

A

the physical deterioration of a
community is a sign that people do not care, and is an “invitation” to criminal
behavior

57
Q

routine activity theory

A

Crime incidents originate in the
routine activities of everyday life
- motivated offender, suitable
target , and the absence of a capable guardian

58
Q

informal crime controls

A

the watchfulness of family, friends, and neighbors

59
Q

skogan’s process of community deterioration and crime (6 steps)

A
  1. Withdrawal
  2. Reduction in informal controls
  3. Decline in organizational life
  4. Increase in crime and disorder
  5. Commercial decline
  6. Collapse
60
Q

culture conflict theory

A

Crime will be more likely to
flourish in heterogeneous (diverse) societies where there is a lack of consensus over society’s values

Inequalities, Crime, & Justice (3 decks)

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