Exam 1

Question 1

features of lumbar vertebrae

Answer 1

• larger intervertebral foramen
• more flexion that other motions
• larger body
• drum shaped vertebral body

Question 2

function of curvatures

Answer 2

force dissipation

Question 3

number of nerve roots

Answer 3

10 nerve roots

Question 4

posterior long ligament

Answer 4

runs from axis to sacrum posterior to vertebral bodies
ligament width is consistent
attaches to disc and vertebral rim

Question 5

supraspinous ligament

Answer 5

ligamentum nuchae to L4 along spinous processes
attaches to disc and vertebral rim
prevents hyperflexion

Question 6

ligamentum flavum

Answer 6

between outside of inferior lamina and inside of superior lamina
prevents pinching of the synovial plica of fat pad

Question 7

interspinous ligament

Answer 7

between spinous processes
absent or ruptured often in lower lumbar
prevents segmental hyperflexion

Question 9

intertransverse ligament

Answer 9

between transverse processes
thick in lumbar spine
restricts side bending

Question 10

annulus fibrosis

Answer 10

lamina run obliquely to increase stability
thinner posteriorly

Question 11

sharpey’s fibers

Answer 11

attach rings of annulus fibrosis to vertebral body and endplate

Question 12

nucleus pulposis

Answer 12

60-70% water interior of disk
highly elastic and semi gelatinous

Question 13

usual direction of herniation

Answer 13

posterior because annulus fibrosis is thinner and more flexion than extension

Question 14

T12-L5 area of innervation

Answer 14

anterior and medial muscles of thigh, medial leg, and foot

Question 15

L2-L4 nerves form

Answer 15

femoral nerve and obturator nerve

Question 16

lumbar plexus nerve roots

Answer 16

T12 to L4

Question 17

sacral plexus area of innervation

Answer 17

buttocks, posterior femur, entire lower leg

Question 18

abdominal wall muscles

Answer 18

rectus abdominus, internal and external oblique, transverse abdominis

Question 19

muscles for lumbar stabilization

Answer 19

multifidus, quadratus lumborum, erector spinae

Question 20

history question topics

Answer 20

past medical, present condition, other mandatory questions

Question 21

past medical history

Answer 21

history of spinal cord
general health
changes in activity
mental health status
history of systemic or visceral disease

Question 22

present condition

Answer 22

location of pain (referred/radicular)
onset of pain
severity of pain
MOI
constancy of pain
bowel/bladder control
associated disability

Question 23

mandatory questions

Answer 23

perineal paresthesia
bladder or bowel problem
cough/sneeze producing radicular pain
unexplained weight loss or gain
neoplasm

Question 24

sign of the buttock indications

Answer 24

underlying serious medical condition
fracture, septic bursitis, Si arthritis, tumor

Question 25

function of history

Answer 25

establish pattern
type of symptoms
intensity and location of symptoms

Question 26

red flags –> specialist appointment

Answer 26

poor response to conservative, bowel and bladder conditions, symptoms inconsistent with mechanism, blood in sputum, radiculopathy, non healing wounds, unexplained significant weakness, neurological deficits, UMN testing

Question 27

functional assessment components

Answer 27

gait, general movement, and posture

Question 28

inspection components

Answer 28

frontal and sagittal curvature
skin markings
swelling or atrophy
lower abdomen crease
scoliosis
pelvic obliquity

Question 29

adams forward bend test

Answer 29

scoliosis causes hump of ribs

Question 30

naming of spine rotation

Answer 30

vertebral body rotation relative to patient

Question 31

causes of poor posture

Answer 31

structural
positional
pain

Question 32

impact of correct posture

Answer 32

helps reduce stress on muscle, disc, facet joints, and ligament
alleviate lumbar pain

Question 33

sway back (lumbar lordosis)

Answer 33

anterior curve of lumbar spine leading to increased stress on facet joints, narrowing of disc space, nerve root compression, inflammation

Question 34

flat back

Answer 34

decreased lordosis

Question 35

lateral shift

Answer 35

displacement of trunk in relation to pelvis

Question 36

pelvic neutral

Answer 36

lumbar spine in optimal position for exercise