EXAM 1 Flashcards
Prenatal diagnostic tests
Amniocentesis, ultrasound sonography, chorionic villi sampling, maternal serum screening, fetal MRI, non-invasive pre-natal diagnosis (nipd)
What is amniocentesis
Amniotic fluid tested
What is ultra sound sonography
High frequency sound waves produced image of fetus (most common)
What is chorionic villi sampling
Small sample of placenta tested (more invasive)
What is maternal serum screening
Blood test (more invasive)
What is fetal MRI
Detailed image of fetus organs
What is non-invasive pre-natal diagnosis (nipd)
Analysis of fetal cells in mothers blood
What are stem cells
-Biological cells that can divide and differentiate into specialized cell types and can renew to produce more stem cells
- can be taken from bone marrow, adipose tissue and blood (umbilical cord blood)
What is prenatal support system
- The placenta-a disk - shaped group of tissue in which small blood vessels from the mother & offspring intertwine but do not join
- The umbilical cord-contains two arteries & one vein that connect the baby to the placenta
- The aminon- a bag/enelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats; protectiveenvironment for fetus
Prenatal development (germinal embryonic, fetal)
- Germinal (first 2 weeks) : Zygote created, cell division increases (continuous) & implantation occur; Blastocysts apper (inner layer of cells that later becomes the embryo); Trophoblast appear (otter layer of cells that later provides nutrition & support for embryo)
- Embryotic (2-8 weeks): Rate of cell differentiation intensifiees, support system form, organ appear; zygote becomnes a very small embryo (size of a kidney bean at 8 weeks)
-Fetal (8 weeks - birth): Growth and development continue & organ system mature.
What is Organoenesis
Process of organ foration that occurs during first two months of prenatal development
TED talk - What We Learn Before We Are Born; discuss example of what happens in the womb
-Babies mostly learn through their mothers; they learn theri moms voice and leads to comfort when they hear it after birth - Babies also develop their sense of taste and smell based off of what their moms eat ( may be more tolerant to spices, may enjoy specific foods that their mom ate during pregnancy)
-Babies enjoy familiar sounds and pattern that their mom read/listened to during pregnancy such as songs or books that she repeated aloud.
Develpoing brain
- Basic architecture of human brain assembled during 1st and 2nd trimester .
- 3rd trimester into first two yeras of post-natal life = connectivity and functioning of neurons
- Neural tube develops out of ectoderm and closes during 4th week after conception (failure of neural tube to close leads to birth defects such as anencephaly, spinal bifida, ect)
-If neural tube develops properly, neurogenesis and neuronal migration occur
Paternal Risk Factors (Fathers side of the family)
-Exposer to lead, radiation, pesticides, petrochemicals distorts sperm
-Smoking
-Age
Maternal Risk Factors (Mothers side of the family)
-Maternal age: adolescents and women over 35
-Deit, nutrition, & exercise: maternal obesity, folic acid, fish & pcb’s
-Emotional states & stress (stress and anxiety)
Teratogens Risk
-Teratogen: any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect of negatively affect cognitive & behavioural outcomes, including.
-Caffine (increases chance of miscarrage); no more then 300 mg/day; Starbucks Grande Coffee = 300mg
-Alcohol (fetal alcohol spectrum disorder); Health Canada recommends abstinence
-Nicotine (pre-term birth, low birth weights, respiratory problems, SIDS, ADHD)
-Cocaine (low birth weight; low length and head circumference)
-Methamphetamine (low birth weight, developmental/behavioural problems, death)
-Marajuana (lower intellagence, depression)
-Heroin (sever behavoural problems)
-Incompatible blood types (presence/absence of Rh-factors; if mother is neative baby is poitive the the mother will create antibodies to attack the fetus - medication is needed in order to prevent this)
-Environmental Hazards (radiation, environmental pollutants & toxic waste)
-Maternal Diseases (rubella, syphilis, general herpes, AIDS/HIV, Diabetes)
>some medication can cross the placenta and affect the fetus (ex. for morning sickness)
-Severity increases if dose increases and time of exposure
-Embryonic period (weeks 2-8) most vulnerable; most harmful during organogensis
*Adamo et al. Research artical - Pregnancy is critical period for prevention of obesity and cardiometabolic risk (Develpoment Origins of Disease Hypothese - talk about relevance of this).
-Some of the risk associated with overweight/obese during pregnancy
-Barker’s ‘Developmental Origins Disease” hypothesis
-What can we do about this “intergenerational cycle of obesity”?
-Some of the risk associated with overweight/obese during pregnancy; can lead to insulin resistance, more likely to develop excess fat gain
-Barker’s “Developmental Origins of Disease” hypothesis: Anything going on with the mother will effect the baby
-What can we do about this “intergenerational cycle of obesity?: Adopt healthy behavouirs; eat healthy, be physically active (try to maintain a healthy weight to aviod excess weight gain in baby)
Health Canadarecommendations for pregnancy weight gain according to pre-pregnancy BMI; how can they vary
The heavier you weigh, the less they recommend you gain during pregnancy
-BMI < 18.5 (underweight); weight gain to 12.5 to 18kg
-BMI 18.5 to 24.9 (normal weight); weight gain to 11.5 to 16kg
-BMI 25 to 29.9 (over weight); weight gain 7 to 11.5 kg
-BMI > or equal to 30 (obese); weight gain 5 to 9kg
Neonatal considerations, measure of neonatal health & responsive (apgar), skin-to-skin contact (kangaroo care) - Marsha Campbell-Yeo video; know apgar scale,
-Low birth weight: <2.5kg; long term outcomes: brain damage, delays in language development, lower IQ scores, behavioural problems
-Pre-term infants: 3 weeks before term
-Kangaroo care; skin-to-skin contact: lncreases weight gain & improves breast feeding , less pain; ideally done before a painful situation to relax the baby
-Massage: improves weight gain & lowers stress
-Apgar scale: used to assess newbron health; heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body colour, reflex irritablily ( score = 0,1, or 2); Good = 7-10, Developmental difficulties = 5, Emergency = 3 or below
Studying Brain development in Infants
-Electroencephalogram (EEG) - measure of brain’s electrical activity; can be used to detect if an infants are at risk of autism.
-functional near-infrafred spectroscopy (fNIRS) -uses low levels of near-infrared light to monitor changes in blood oxygen
Know differnce between structure and lobes of the brain functions
-Neuron: nerve cell that handles information processing at cellular level; Myelinetion and ‘pruning” strengthening - can occur learning lanugaes) of synaptic connection
-Frontal lobe : voluntary movement, thinking, personality, & intentionality
-Opcipital lobe: vision
-Temporal lobe: hearing, language, attentio, motor control
-Parietal lobe: spatial location, attention, motor control
-Lateralization: Idea that 2 hemispheres of the brain have their own functions
- Shaken baby syndrome video (damage to differnt parts of brain) / how does this impact health
-Brain will collide with skull; can tear neurons/blood vessels in brain
-Impact will cause visual problems (back of the brain) and behavioural development problems (front of brain)
-Lining of retin can separate fron the back - Hemorrhage can occur in severe cases
Sleep - phases of sleep., importance of sleep for infact development (7 reasons your kids needs sleep article)
-Waking
-REM (rapic eye movement) (dreaming state) sleep dominates in infancy; it helps with memory reconciliation and development
-Non-REM
-Importace of sleep: promates growth, helps the heart, affects weight, helps fight infection, reduces injury risk, increases attention span, and it boots learning.
SIDS and risk factors
Risk factors of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) include
-Low-birth-weight infants
-Sibling of infant who died of SIDS
-Exposure to cigarette smoke
-Sleep apnea
-Lower SES (Socioeconomic status)
Nutritional needs of infants
- 2 major nutrients: Vitamin D and Iron
-Breastfeeding regarding as ‘best food for optimal health’
> benifit for child: appropriate weight gain, reduced risk of obesity, reduced risk of SIDS, fewer gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infection
> Benefits for mother: Lower incidence of breat and ovarian cancer
nutritional needs of infants
-2 major nutrients: Vitamin D and Iron
-Breastfeeding regarded as ‘best food of optimal health’.
>Benefits for child: Appropriate weight gain, reduced risk of obesity, reduced risk of
SIDS, fewer gastrointestinal and resperatory track infections
>Benefits for mother: Low incidence of breast and ovarian cancer
Differences between fine and gross motor skills in motor development
-Dynamic systems theory: infants assemble motor skill for prerceiving & acting
-Reflexes: built-in reactions to stimuli that govern newborn’s movement; involuntary & autonomic (ex. blinking, grasping, stepping, sucking, swimmming, ect.)
Sensory and perceptual development (visual, depth, hearing; experiments)
-Eye tracking technology; tracks infants eye movements; can detect autism
-Fantz’s looking chamber: determined that infants & children prefer patterned over colour
-Acuity & Colour: vision starts off blurry and less colourful in young infants, and develops by the time they 1 year old
-Hearing - fetus can hear, recognize mother’s voice, and learn during last 2 months in the womb
Piaget’s theory of infant develpment (object permanence), Rovee-Collier experiment (how infants rememer)
-Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage; Object Permanence: when they understand that the object is still there when it is hidden (thought to develop around 8/9 months)
-Rovee-Collier’s Investigation of Infant Memory: Infant retain info from being conditioned (babies learned that kicking the mobile made the blocks move)
*Discuss Activity 2
How endocrine-disrupting chemicals interfere with the proper human function of the endocrine system.
How this can cause a disruption in the natural human hormons that can lead to weight gain.
Discuss Activity 3
-Genie was locked up for 13 years in a dark room tied to a chair naked with effected her development in term of no language and physical disabilities (could hardly walk or balance), still wore diapers, made noises like an animals would. she was very expressive & intelligent
-Genie had the mental age of an 18 month child
-Experimenters tried to help her develop; she was able to learn words and string them together into sentences, but couldn’t learn to pronouns or who, where, why ect. (she couldn’t learn the fundimental rules of language)
- a 3 year old has twice as many brain connections as an adult - Genie’s brain conections used for communication broke off after not being stimulated for so long
- Infants are universal lingustics from birh to the age of 6 months ( perceiving differnt languages and sounds); After 6 months infants get better at perceiving their own language.
Biological, Congnitive & Socio-emotional Processes
-Biological processes produce changes in physical nature
-Cognitive processes refer to change in thought, intelligence , & lenguage
-Socio-emotional processes involve changes in relatioship, emotions, & personality
Psychoanalytic Theories
-Sigmod Freud - Development primarily unconscious (beyond our awareness); Development heavily influences by emotions; Analyze symoblic meaning of behaviour to understand development
-Erikson (psychosocial) - Primary motivation for behaviour is social (ex. intimacy v/s isolation, trust vs. mistrust); Developmental change occurs throughout the lifespan.
Cognitive Theories
-Piaget-Four stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, preiperational, concrete operational, formal operational)
-Vygotsky (sociocultural) - socail interactions & culture guide cognitive development; knowledge is situated and collaborative
-The Information - Processing Approach - the human mind is an information processor development is a continuous increase in capacity for processing & storing information
Behavioural Theories
-Pavlov (classical conditioning) - Neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a behavioural response originally produced by another stimulus
-Skinner (operant conditioning) - Consequences of behaviour change likelihood of behaviour’s future occurrence (punishments & rewards shape development).
Social Cognitive theory
Bandura - Behaviour, environment & cognition are key factors in development (all 3 influence each other); People form cognitive representations of behaviour and “banked them for future use
