EXAM 1 Flashcards
Prenatal diagnostic tests
Amniocentesis, ultrasound sonography, chorionic villi sampling, maternal serum screening, fetal MRI, non-invasive pre-natal diagnosis (nipd)
What is amniocentesis
Amniotic fluid tested
What is ultra sound sonography
High frequency sound waves produced image of fetus (most common)
What is chorionic villi sampling
Small sample of placenta tested (more invasive)
What is maternal serum screening
Blood test (more invasive)
What is fetal MRI
Detailed image of fetus organs
What is non-invasive pre-natal diagnosis (nipd)
Analysis of fetal cells in mothers blood
What are stem cells
-Biological cells that can divide and differentiate into specialized cell types and can renew to produce more stem cells
- can be taken from bone marrow, adipose tissue and blood (umbilical cord blood)
What is prenatal support system
- The placenta-a disk - shaped group of tissue in which small blood vessels from the mother & offspring intertwine but do not join
- The umbilical cord-contains two arteries & one vein that connect the baby to the placenta
- The aminon- a bag/enelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats; protectiveenvironment for fetus
Prenatal development (germinal embryonic, fetal)
- Germinal (first 2 weeks) : Zygote created, cell division increases (continuous) & implantation occur; Blastocysts apper (inner layer of cells that later becomes the embryo); Trophoblast appear (otter layer of cells that later provides nutrition & support for embryo)
- Embryotic (2-8 weeks): Rate of cell differentiation intensifiees, support system form, organ appear; zygote becomnes a very small embryo (size of a kidney bean at 8 weeks)
-Fetal (8 weeks - birth): Growth and development continue & organ system mature.
What is Organoenesis
Process of organ foration that occurs during first two months of prenatal development
TED talk - What We Learn Before We Are Born; discuss example of what happens in the womb
-Babies mostly learn through their mothers; they learn theri moms voice and leads to comfort when they hear it after birth - Babies also develop their sense of taste and smell based off of what their moms eat ( may be more tolerant to spices, may enjoy specific foods that their mom ate during pregnancy)
-Babies enjoy familiar sounds and pattern that their mom read/listened to during pregnancy such as songs or books that she repeated aloud.
Develpoing brain
- Basic architecture of human brain assembled during 1st and 2nd trimester .
- 3rd trimester into first two yeras of post-natal life = connectivity and functioning of neurons
- Neural tube develops out of ectoderm and closes during 4th week after conception (failure of neural tube to close leads to birth defects such as anencephaly, spinal bifida, ect)
-If neural tube develops properly, neurogenesis and neuronal migration occur
Paternal Risk Factors (Fathers side of the family)
-Exposer to lead, radiation, pesticides, petrochemicals distorts sperm
-Smoking
-Age
Maternal Risk Factors (Mothers side of the family)
-Maternal age: adolescents and women over 35
-Deit, nutrition, & exercise: maternal obesity, folic acid, fish & pcb’s
-Emotional states & stress (stress and anxiety)
Teratogens Risk
-Teratogen: any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect of negatively affect cognitive & behavioural outcomes, including.
-Caffine (increases chance of miscarrage); no more then 300 mg/day; Starbucks Grande Coffee = 300mg
-Alcohol (fetal alcohol spectrum disorder); Health Canada recommends abstinence
-Nicotine (pre-term birth, low birth weights, respiratory problems, SIDS, ADHD)
-Cocaine (low birth weight; low length and head circumference)
-Methamphetamine (low birth weight, developmental/behavioural problems, death)
-Marajuana (lower intellagence, depression)
-Heroin (sever behavoural problems)
-Incompatible blood types (presence/absence of Rh-factors; if mother is neative baby is poitive the the mother will create antibodies to attack the fetus - medication is needed in order to prevent this)
-Environmental Hazards (radiation, environmental pollutants & toxic waste)
-Maternal Diseases (rubella, syphilis, general herpes, AIDS/HIV, Diabetes)
>some medication can cross the placenta and affect the fetus (ex. for morning sickness)
-Severity increases if dose increases and time of exposure
-Embryonic period (weeks 2-8) most vulnerable; most harmful during organogensis
*Adamo et al. Research artical - Pregnancy is critical period for prevention of obesity and cardiometabolic risk (Develpoment Origins of Disease Hypothese - talk about relevance of this).
-Some of the risk associated with overweight/obese during pregnancy
-Barker’s ‘Developmental Origins Disease” hypothesis
-What can we do about this “intergenerational cycle of obesity”?
-Some of the risk associated with overweight/obese during pregnancy; can lead to insulin resistance, more likely to develop excess fat gain
-Barker’s “Developmental Origins of Disease” hypothesis: Anything going on with the mother will effect the baby
-What can we do about this “intergenerational cycle of obesity?: Adopt healthy behavouirs; eat healthy, be physically active (try to maintain a healthy weight to aviod excess weight gain in baby)
Health Canadarecommendations for pregnancy weight gain according to pre-pregnancy BMI; how can they vary
The heavier you weigh, the less they recommend you gain during pregnancy
-BMI < 18.5 (underweight); weight gain to 12.5 to 18kg
-BMI 18.5 to 24.9 (normal weight); weight gain to 11.5 to 16kg
-BMI 25 to 29.9 (over weight); weight gain 7 to 11.5 kg
-BMI > or equal to 30 (obese); weight gain 5 to 9kg
Neonatal considerations, measure of neonatal health & responsive (apgar), skin-to-skin contact (kangaroo care) - Marsha Campbell-Yeo video; know apgar scale,
-Low birth weight: <2.5kg; long term outcomes: brain damage, delays in language development, lower IQ scores, behavioural problems
-Pre-term infants: 3 weeks before term
-Kangaroo care; skin-to-skin contact: lncreases weight gain & improves breast feeding , less pain; ideally done before a painful situation to relax the baby
-Massage: improves weight gain & lowers stress
-Apgar scale: used to assess newbron health; heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body colour, reflex irritablily ( score = 0,1, or 2); Good = 7-10, Developmental difficulties = 5, Emergency = 3 or below
Studying Brain development in Infants
-Electroencephalogram (EEG) - measure of brain’s electrical activity; can be used to detect if an infants are at risk of autism.
-functional near-infrafred spectroscopy (fNIRS) -uses low levels of near-infrared light to monitor changes in blood oxygen
Know differnce between structure and lobes of the brain functions
-Neuron: nerve cell that handles information processing at cellular level; Myelinetion and ‘pruning” strengthening - can occur learning lanugaes) of synaptic connection
-Frontal lobe : voluntary movement, thinking, personality, & intentionality
-Opcipital lobe: vision
-Temporal lobe: hearing, language, attentio, motor control
-Parietal lobe: spatial location, attention, motor control
-Lateralization: Idea that 2 hemispheres of the brain have their own functions
- Shaken baby syndrome video (damage to differnt parts of brain) / how does this impact health
-Brain will collide with skull; can tear neurons/blood vessels in brain
-Impact will cause visual problems (back of the brain) and behavioural development problems (front of brain)
-Lining of retin can separate fron the back - Hemorrhage can occur in severe cases
Sleep - phases of sleep., importance of sleep for infact development (7 reasons your kids needs sleep article)
-Waking
-REM (rapic eye movement) (dreaming state) sleep dominates in infancy; it helps with memory reconciliation and development
-Non-REM
-Importace of sleep: promates growth, helps the heart, affects weight, helps fight infection, reduces injury risk, increases attention span, and it boots learning.
SIDS and risk factors
Risk factors of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) include
-Low-birth-weight infants
-Sibling of infant who died of SIDS
-Exposure to cigarette smoke
-Sleep apnea
-Lower SES (Socioeconomic status)
Nutritional needs of infants
- 2 major nutrients: Vitamin D and Iron
-Breastfeeding regarding as ‘best food for optimal health’
> benifit for child: appropriate weight gain, reduced risk of obesity, reduced risk of SIDS, fewer gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infection
> Benefits for mother: Lower incidence of breat and ovarian cancer
nutritional needs of infants
-2 major nutrients: Vitamin D and Iron
-Breastfeeding regarded as ‘best food of optimal health’.
>Benefits for child: Appropriate weight gain, reduced risk of obesity, reduced risk of
SIDS, fewer gastrointestinal and resperatory track infections
>Benefits for mother: Low incidence of breast and ovarian cancer
Differences between fine and gross motor skills in motor development
-Dynamic systems theory: infants assemble motor skill for prerceiving & acting
-Reflexes: built-in reactions to stimuli that govern newborn’s movement; involuntary & autonomic (ex. blinking, grasping, stepping, sucking, swimmming, ect.)
Sensory and perceptual development (visual, depth, hearing; experiments)
-Eye tracking technology; tracks infants eye movements; can detect autism
-Fantz’s looking chamber: determined that infants & children prefer patterned over colour
-Acuity & Colour: vision starts off blurry and less colourful in young infants, and develops by the time they 1 year old
-Hearing - fetus can hear, recognize mother’s voice, and learn during last 2 months in the womb
Piaget’s theory of infant develpment (object permanence), Rovee-Collier experiment (how infants rememer)
-Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage; Object Permanence: when they understand that the object is still there when it is hidden (thought to develop around 8/9 months)
-Rovee-Collier’s Investigation of Infant Memory: Infant retain info from being conditioned (babies learned that kicking the mobile made the blocks move)
*Discuss Activity 2
How endocrine-disrupting chemicals interfere with the proper human function of the endocrine system.
How this can cause a disruption in the natural human hormons that can lead to weight gain.
Discuss Activity 3
-Genie was locked up for 13 years in a dark room tied to a chair naked with effected her development in term of no language and physical disabilities (could hardly walk or balance), still wore diapers, made noises like an animals would. she was very expressive & intelligent
-Genie had the mental age of an 18 month child
-Experimenters tried to help her develop; she was able to learn words and string them together into sentences, but couldn’t learn to pronouns or who, where, why ect. (she couldn’t learn the fundimental rules of language)
- a 3 year old has twice as many brain connections as an adult - Genie’s brain conections used for communication broke off after not being stimulated for so long
- Infants are universal lingustics from birh to the age of 6 months ( perceiving differnt languages and sounds); After 6 months infants get better at perceiving their own language.
Biological, Congnitive & Socio-emotional Processes
-Biological processes produce changes in physical nature
-Cognitive processes refer to change in thought, intelligence , & lenguage
-Socio-emotional processes involve changes in relatioship, emotions, & personality
Psychoanalytic Theories
-Sigmod Freud - Development primarily unconscious (beyond our awareness); Development heavily influences by emotions; Analyze symoblic meaning of behaviour to understand development
-Erikson (psychosocial) - Primary motivation for behaviour is social (ex. intimacy v/s isolation, trust vs. mistrust); Developmental change occurs throughout the lifespan.
Cognitive Theories
-Piaget-Four stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, preiperational, concrete operational, formal operational)
-Vygotsky (sociocultural) - socail interactions & culture guide cognitive development; knowledge is situated and collaborative
-The Information - Processing Approach - the human mind is an information processor development is a continuous increase in capacity for processing & storing information
Behavioural Theories
-Pavlov (classical conditioning) - Neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a behavioural response originally produced by another stimulus
-Skinner (operant conditioning) - Consequences of behaviour change likelihood of behaviour’s future occurrence (punishments & rewards shape development).
Social Cognitive theory
Bandura - Behaviour, environment & cognition are key factors in development (all 3 influence each other); People form cognitive representations of behaviour and “banked them for future use
Ethological theories
Focuses on reponses to environment, physiological makeup, communication & evolutionary aspects; Behaviour is strongly influenced by biology and is subject to critical or senetive periods
-Charles Darwin - Evolution & natural selection
-Konrad Lorenz - Imprinting
-John bowlby - Attachment
Humanist theories
People strive to become the best they can be; Values, intentions, & meaning are important for understanding human behaviour
-Carl Rogers (Client - centered therapy Congruence and incongruity) - Relationship between ideal & perceived self
-Abraham Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs) - most fundamental needs at bottom (physiological, saftey, belongingness, & love, esteem from others, esteem from self) then growth needs as you move up (cognitive, aesthetic, self-actualization)
Bio-ecological theory
Emphasize the effects of environment & biolocial factors on development
Contemporary theories
-Dynamic Systems Approach
-Evolutionary Psychology
-Neuroscience and Neuroplasticity
-Postive Psychology
Eclectic Theory
Takes the most of compelling & workable concepts from each theoretical approach
Biological Foundationa of Language: Whatevidence exists?
1) Children reach language milestones at the same times and in the same order
2) Regions of the brain predisposed of language
-Broca’s area -producing words
-Wernicke’s area -understanding words
>Chomsky’s language acquisition device (LAD): he thinks we are all born with it
8 Characteristics of lifespan perspectives
1) development is life-long
2) development is multidimensional
3) developmet is muitidrectional
4) developmet is plasic
5) developmet is multidissciplinary
6) development involves growth, maintence and regulation
7) development is a co-construct od biology, culture, and the individual
8) developmet is contextual
Context and Contextual Influences
1) Normative age-grade influences: similar for people in a similar age group (puberty, graduation, retirement)
2) Normative Historygraded infulences: common to people of particular generation( people that lived through WWII of the COVID-19 pandemic)
3) Non-normative life events: unanticipated events (winnng the lottery, enexpected death of friend, diagnoses of disease
what is Median age in Canada? What is influenced by?
The current median age in Canada is 82.3 years: many factors can influence this:
>where you live
>state of medical care
>economy
>war
>pandemic
>fertility rate
differnt ways to decribe/understand age/definition of age (concept of age)
The definition of age is defined as the measure of the time elapsed from date of live birth to a specific point in time ; the concept of age includes the following factors
- Chronological age
- Biological age
- Metal age
- Psychological age
- Social age
What was Dr.Brad Meisner’s reasearch
Research intrest: age-related stereotypes, perceptions, attitudes, and/or discrimination (ageism); when do we put someone in the ‘old’ category
What are issues in lifespan development?
Nature vs Nurture, Continuity & Discontinuity, Stability & Change
Nature vs Nurture
Is a developmental factors, or a mix of both? It has been determined that the influence of genetics will increase wih wealth whereas people with lower income are mainly influenced by envrionmental factors
Continuity & Change
Is development a gradual, cumulative change (continuity), or does development occur in distinct stages (discontinuity)?
Stability & Change
Do we become older renditions of our early experiences (stability), or do we develop into someone differnt from who we are at the earlier point in develpoment (change)?
Contemporary Converns with Lifespan Development
> Parenting
Education
Health and Wellbeing
Culture
Ethnicity
Gender
Social Economic Stature (SES)
Social Policy
Evaluate the development issues through research - methods of collecting data, research designs, experimental research, timespan of research
> Methods of Collecting Data
Research Designs
Experimental Research
Timespan of Research
Methods of Collecting Data
Observation, Survey, & Interview, Standerdized test, Case Study, Physiological measures
Reasearch Designs
Descriptive Research (observe and record behaviour), Correlation Research (looks at strength of relationship between two or more events/characteristics), Experimental Designs (used to determine causality)
Experimental Research
Manipulates one or more variables and observe effects on behaviour; hold other variables constant; Independent variable is manipulated; Dependent variable changes in response to the independent variable; Random assinment (RCT) = strongrst research design
Timespan of Research
Cross-sectional approach (individuals of different ages are compared at one time), Longitudinal approch (same in individuals are studied over a period of time) , Sequential approch (combined cross-sectional, longitudinal design); Corhort effects - due to a person’s time of birth of generation but not the actual age (Powerful effects of dependent variables; Sequential approach helps disentangle cohort effects).
- How is genetic engineering influencing human develpoment; ethical dilemma of designer babies (TED talk; Washington Post Artical) and Video on neourodiversity; Advantages disadvantages/what is neorodiversity and why is neurodiversity and why should it be celebrated rather than throught of a disorder
It is making humans into “superhuman” with the best genetics is societies mind; advantages are the illness could be cured, disadvantages are the lower class most likely. wouldn’t have access to it & it would create a larger divied, it would also somewhat eliminate neurodiversity and everyone would have the same skill set
Evolutionary Psychology
Emphasize the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in explaining behaviour
Natural Selection
Survivors are better adapted then non-survivors; Survivors pass on their genes
Adaptive Behaviour
Promotes Survival
- Genetic Principles (Sex-linked genes and disorders)
Sex-linked Genes
Dominate-Recessive Genes Principles
Sex-Linked Genes
X-linked inheritance: When mutated gene is carred on a X-chromosome; men are more likely to have X-linked disorders such as hemophilia and Fragile X syndrome
Dominate-Recessive Genes Principle
If one gene of a pair is dominate & one gene is recessive, the dominate gene exerts its effect, overriding the potential influences of the other, recessive gene; A Recessive gene exerts its influence only if the 2 genes of a pair are both recessive
- Chromosome Variations
-Down Syndrome
-Fragile X Chromosome
-Klinefelter Syndrome
-Turner Syndrome
-XYY Syndrome
Down Syndrome
An extra chromosome causes mild to severe intellecutal disabilities and physical abnormatities
Fragile X Chromosome
An abnormality in the X chromosome in males causes physical disabilites, learning disabilities, or short attention span
Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)
An extra X chromosome in male causes physical disabilities
Turner Syndrome (XO)
A missing X chromosome in female causes intellectual disabilities and sexual underdevelopment
XYY Syndrome
An extra Y chromosome can cause above-average height
Gene-linked Variations
-Cystic Fibrosis
-Biabetes
-Hemophilia
-Huntington Disease
-Phenylketonuria
-Sickle Cells Anemia
-Spina Bifida
-Tay-Savhs Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
Glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production; breathing and digestion are hampered, resulting in shorter lifespan
Diabetes
Body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar
Hemophilia
Delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding
Huntington Disease
Central nervous system deterioates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration
Phenylketonuria
Metabolic disorder that, if left untreated, caused intellectual disabilities
Sickle Cell Anemia
Blood disorder that limits the body’s oxygen supply; can cause joint swelling, sickle cell crisis, or heart and kidney failure
Spina Bifida
Neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine variations
Tay-Sachs Diseases
Deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nercous system
Prenatal diagnostic tests
-Aminocentesis
-Ultrasound sonography
-Chrorionic Villi Sampling
-Maternal Serum Screening
-Fetal MRI
Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD)
Amniocentesis
amniotic fluid tested
Ultrasound Sonography
High frequency sounds waves produced image of fetus (most common)
Chorionic Villi Sampling
Small sample of placenta tested (more invasive)
Maternal Serum Screening
Blood test (more invasive)
Fetal MRI
Detailed image of fetus’ organs
Non-invasive prenatal dianosis (NIPD)
Analysis of fetal cells in mother’s blood
What are Stem cells
-biological cells that can devide and differentiate into specialized cell types and can renew to produce more stem
-Can be taken from bone marrow, adipose tissue and blood (umbilical cord blood)
Prenatal support system
-The Placenta - a disk-shaped group of tissue in which small blood vessle from the mother & the offspring intertwine but do not join
-The umbilical cord - contains two arteries & one vein that connect the baby to the placenta
-The Amnion - a bag/envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats ; protectie environment for fetus
Prenatal Development (Germinal, Embryonic , Fetal)
-Germinal (first 2 weeks): Zygotecreated, cell division increased (continuous) & implantation occurs; Blastocysts appear (inner layer of that later becomes the e,bryo); Tropoblast appear (outer layer that later provides nutrition & support for embryo)
-Embryonic (2-8 weeks): Rate of cell differentiation intesifies, support system form, organs appear; zygote becomes a very small embryo (size of kidney bean at 8 weeks)
-Fetal (8 weeks - birth): Growth & development continue & organ systems mature
Organogenesis
Process of organ formation that occurs during firt two months of prenatal development
Ted Talk - What We Learn Before We Are Born; dicuss examples of what happens in the womb
-babies mostly learm throught their mothers: they learn tjeir moms voice and leads to comfort when they hear it after birth - babies also develop theior sense of taste and smell based off what their moms eat (may be more tolerant to spices, may enhoy secific foods that their mom ate during pregnancy)
-babies enjooy fimiliar sounds and patterns that their mom read/listened to during pregnancy such as a song or books that she repeated aloud
