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Psych > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

affects of poverty on human development

A

lower academic achievement, poorer mental health and wellbeing, increased stress

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2
Q

nature-nurture

A

the debate on whether biological factors such as genes or the environments we grew up in have a greater affect on us

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3
Q

low life history strategy

A

likely to be adopted when life is secure and predictable

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4
Q

fast life history strategy

A

likely to be adopted in stressful environments in which life is harsh and unpredictable

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5
Q

Cultural evolution: Generational trauma

A

The process through which we inherit from previous generations then invent better ways of adapting to pass on what we learn to the next generation

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6
Q

conception

A

when the genetic material of the sperm and egg unite to form a single-celled zygote

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7
Q

mitosis

A

cell divides to produce two identical cells, each containing the same 46 chromosomes

zygotes become multiple cell organisms through mitosis

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8
Q

crossing over

A

pairs of chromosomes line up, and before separating, they cross each other and parts are exchanged

unlikely that there will be another human exactly like you genetically (exception: identical twins)

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9
Q

Identical twins: not 100%

A

One fertilized ovum divides to form two or more genetically identical individuals

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10
Q

Fraternal twins

A

two ova are released at approximately the same time and each is fertilized by a different sperm

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11
Q

Gene expression

A

Activation of particular genes in particular cells of the body at particular times

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12
Q

mutations

A

change in the structure or arrangement of one or more genes that produces a new phenotype
-Odds that mutations will occur are increased by environmental hazards
-Most are just spontaneous errors during cell division
-Fathers contribute about four times the number of new mutations as mothers

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13
Q

Gene–environment interaction

A

The effects of genes depend on what kind of environment we experience
-how we respond to the environment depends on what genes we have

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14
Q

triggers psychological problems

A

Often a combination of high-risk genes and a high-risk environment

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15
Q

Diathesis–stress model

A

Psychological disorder results from an interaction of a person’s predisposition or vulnerability to problems and the experience of stressful events

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16
Q

Gene–environment correlations

A

Ways that a person’s genes and his or her environment are systematically interrelated
-passive
-evocative
-active

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17
Q

Epigenetic effects

A

Environmental factors affect whether or not particular genes in particular cells are expressed

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18
Q

Varicocele

A

A condition affecting men in which enlarged veins on their testicles raise the temperature in the testes, interfering with sperm production

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19
Q

Endometriosis

A

A condition affecting women arising when bits of tissue lining the uterus grow outside of the uterus

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20
Q

Artificial insemination

A

-Also called intrauterine insemination
-Involves injecting sperm into the uterus

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21
Q

In vitro fertilization

A

-several eggs are removed from a woman’s ovary and manually combined with sperm in a laboratory
-returned to uterus in hopes that one egg will implant

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22
Q

prenatal development

A

divided into three stages
-germinal period
-embryonic period
-fetal period

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23
Q

Germinal period

A

-first trimester begins
-lasts approx. 2 weeks
-zygote divides many times through mitosis, forming the blastocyst

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24
Q

Embryonic period

A

Occurs from the third to the eighth week after conception
-every major organ takes shape; organogenesis
-amnion, chorion, placenta form
-beginnings of the brain form at 3-4 weeks

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25
Q

Fetal period

A

-lasts from 9th week of pregnancy until birth
-part of the first trimester and all of the middle and last trimesters
-Critical period for three processes of brain development: proliferation, migration, and differentiation

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26
Q

Spina bifida

A

Part of the spinal cord is not fully encased in the protective covering of the spinal column

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27
Q

Anencephaly

A

Failure to close at the top of the neural tube
-fatal, as main portion of brain does not develop

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28
Q

sex differentiation

A

begins during the seventh and eighth prenatal weeks

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29
Q

FL abortion laws

A

abortions in FL are only legal for the first 15 weeks

30
Q

Age of viability

A

-23-25 weeks: fetus is likely to survive
-want to wait full 40 weeks so lungs fully develop

31
Q

second half of pregnancy

A

-neurons proliferate
-neurons increase in size
-neurons develop myelin

32
Q

Fetal programming

A

-environmental events during pregnancy may alter the expected genetic unfolding of the embryo/fetus
-lower birth weight- lungs underdeveloped

33
Q

teratogen

A

Any disease, drug, or other environmental agent that can harm a developing fetus
-effects worse during critical period
-dosage and duration
-susceptibility to harm influenced by genetic makeup
-effects depend on quality of both prenatal and postnatal environments

34
Q

dosage and duration

A

The greater and longer exposure, the more likely serious damage will occur

35
Q

effects of teratogens depend on

A

-critical period
-dosage and duration
-genetic makeup
-environment

36
Q

tobacco

A

increased risk of miscarriage, respiratory problems, cleft lips/palates, raises risk of SIDS

37
Q

alcohol

A

crosses the placenta, can lead to neuronal death, fetal alcohol syndrome: signs of CNS damage, below average IQ, small head, thin upper lip, flat midface

38
Q

maternal diabetes

A

-risk of premature delivery
-stillbirth or miscarriage
-immature lung development
-large fetal size

39
Q

9/11’s affect on pregnant women

A

babies had low birth weight, underdeveloped lungs, respiratory issues

40
Q

maternal obesity

A

offspring obesity and diabetes

41
Q

perinatal environment

A

environment surrounding birth

42
Q

childbirth

A

a three-stage process

43
Q

first stage of labor

A

mother experiences regular contractions
-oxytocin: speeds up contractions

44
Q

second stage of labor

A

delivery

45
Q

third stage of labor

A

delivery of the placenta

46
Q

anoxia

A

oxygen shortage
-umbilical cord becomes pinched or tangles
-sedatives interfere with baby’s breathing

severe oxygen shortage:
-memory impairment
-cerebral palsy

47
Q

cesarean section

A

surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the mother’s abdomen and uterus so that the baby can be removed
-21% of deliveries worldwide
-32% in the United States

48
Q

low birth weight is associated with

A

-age of mother (very young or old)
-race
-prior premature babies
-tobacco/alcohol use
-stress
-infections
-pregnancies w/ multiple fetuses
-high blood pressure

49
Q

pituitary gland

A

-most important gland of the brain
-triggers the release of hormones
-produces growth hormone

50
Q

endocrine system plays a role in male and female hormones

A

-testosterone, androgens
-estrogen

51
Q

brain and nervous system

A

neurons: dendrite, cell body, axon

52
Q

Cephalocaudal principle

A

Growth occurs in a head-to-tail direction

53
Q

Proximodistal principle

A

Growth and development of muscles from the center outward to the extremities

54
Q

Biopsychosociocultural model of health

A

Incorporates biological and psychological factors with social and cultural factors

55
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Growth of synapses, during childhood

56
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

Removal of unnecessary synapses

57
Q

Developing brain has plasticity

A

Responsive to the individual’s experiences and can develop in a variety of ways

58
Q

The top most common causes of infant mortality are

A

-congenital malformations
-low birth weight
-maternal complications

59
Q

Congenital malformations

A

-defects that are present at birth
-leading cause of death during the first year

60
Q

common cause of child mortality

A

-accidents
-nutrition

61
Q

puberty

A

processes of biological change that result in an attaining sexual maturity and becoming capable of producing a baby

62
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Process of generating new neurons

63
Q

hippocampus

A

Part of the brain involved in learning and memory

64
Q

Neurocognitive maintenance

A

Regular upkeep of the brain

65
Q

Neurocognitive reserve

A

Stockpile of neural resources that we save up over our lifetime

66
Q

Compensation

A

our ability to enlist the help of other neural resources when we are faced with a challenging task that our brain might not otherwise be able to manage

67
Q

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

Symptoms as bloating, moodiness, breast tenderness, and headaches

68
Q

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD)

A

Symptoms severe enough to interfere with their ability to perform daily activities

69
Q

Menopause

A

Ending of a woman’s menstrual periods in midlife

70
Q

andropause

A

-slowly decreasing levels of testosterone
-low libido
-fatigue and lack of energy
-erection problems
-memory problems
-loss of pubic hair

Psych (1 decks)

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