Exam 1 Flashcards
(70 cards)
affects of poverty on human development
lower academic achievement, poorer mental health and wellbeing, increased stress
nature-nurture
the debate on whether biological factors such as genes or the environments we grew up in have a greater affect on us
low life history strategy
likely to be adopted when life is secure and predictable
fast life history strategy
likely to be adopted in stressful environments in which life is harsh and unpredictable
Cultural evolution: Generational trauma
The process through which we inherit from previous generations then invent better ways of adapting to pass on what we learn to the next generation
conception
when the genetic material of the sperm and egg unite to form a single-celled zygote
mitosis
cell divides to produce two identical cells, each containing the same 46 chromosomes
zygotes become multiple cell organisms through mitosis
crossing over
pairs of chromosomes line up, and before separating, they cross each other and parts are exchanged
unlikely that there will be another human exactly like you genetically (exception: identical twins)
Identical twins: not 100%
One fertilized ovum divides to form two or more genetically identical individuals
Fraternal twins
two ova are released at approximately the same time and each is fertilized by a different sperm
Gene expression
Activation of particular genes in particular cells of the body at particular times
mutations
change in the structure or arrangement of one or more genes that produces a new phenotype
-Odds that mutations will occur are increased by environmental hazards
-Most are just spontaneous errors during cell division
-Fathers contribute about four times the number of new mutations as mothers
Gene–environment interaction
The effects of genes depend on what kind of environment we experience
-how we respond to the environment depends on what genes we have
triggers psychological problems
Often a combination of high-risk genes and a high-risk environment
Diathesis–stress model
Psychological disorder results from an interaction of a person’s predisposition or vulnerability to problems and the experience of stressful events
Gene–environment correlations
Ways that a person’s genes and his or her environment are systematically interrelated
-passive
-evocative
-active
Epigenetic effects
Environmental factors affect whether or not particular genes in particular cells are expressed
Varicocele
A condition affecting men in which enlarged veins on their testicles raise the temperature in the testes, interfering with sperm production
Endometriosis
A condition affecting women arising when bits of tissue lining the uterus grow outside of the uterus
Artificial insemination
-Also called intrauterine insemination
-Involves injecting sperm into the uterus
In vitro fertilization
-several eggs are removed from a woman’s ovary and manually combined with sperm in a laboratory
-returned to uterus in hopes that one egg will implant
prenatal development
divided into three stages
-germinal period
-embryonic period
-fetal period
Germinal period
-first trimester begins
-lasts approx. 2 weeks
-zygote divides many times through mitosis, forming the blastocyst
Embryonic period
Occurs from the third to the eighth week after conception
-every major organ takes shape; organogenesis
-amnion, chorion, placenta form
-beginnings of the brain form at 3-4 weeks
