Exam 1 Flashcards
What makes a “true experiment”?
- The investigator manipulates at least one independent variable.
- Random selection and assignment of subjects to treatments.
- Compare the treatment group with one or more control groups.
What does positive correlation mean?
an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in another variable.
What does no correlation mean?
changes in one variable are not associated in any systematic
way with changes in the other variable (test score and eye color)
What does negative correlation mean?
an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other variable.
Teacher’s Sense of Efficacy
a teacher’s belief that he or she can reach even the most difficult students and help them learn (high sense of efficacy = work harder with greater persistence)
Development
orderly, adaptive changes we go through between conception and death: these developmental changes remain for a reasonably long period of time
Physical Development
changes in body structure and function over time
Personal Development
changes in personality that takes place as one grows
Social Development
changes over time in the ways we relate to others
Cognitive Development
gradual orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated
Synaptic Plasticity
the brain’s tendency to remain somewhat adaptable or flexible
Equilibrium
search for mental balance between cognitive schemes and information from the environment
Disequilibrium
in Piaget’s theory, the “out of balance” state that occurs when a person realizes that his or her current ways of thinking are not working
Object Permanence
the understanding that objects have a separate, permanent existence
Preoperational Stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Egocentric
assuming that others experience the world the way you do
Concrete Operations
Piaget’s stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations; about 7 - 11 years of age
Collective Monologue
form of speech in which children in a group talk but do not really interact or communicate
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
phase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support
Sensorimotor
Age (Newborn- 2)
Most learning is accomplished through the senses.
Formal Operational (11-??)
Age (11-??)
Concern for social issues, future and identity.
What is an alternative to Piaget’s theory of development?
Vygotsky Dialectical Theory (new ways of thinking emerge from dialogues).
Piaget thoughts on private speech
lack of cognitive maturity
Vygotsky thoughts on private speech
saw private speech as self-talk that guided thinking and problem solving. Self-talk doubled when faced with problems.
Scaffolding
external support from teachers/parents/peers to help children with problems just beyond their reach.
Similarities of Piagetian and Vygotsky classrooms:
-Opportunities for active participation.
- Emphasis on process rather than product.
-Acceptance of individual differences in cognitive development.
Differences f Piagetian and Vygotsky classrooms:
-Vygotsky classroom emphasizes assisted discovery rather than self-discovery.
-Vygotsky classroom emphasizes peer interaction for discovery.
Stage 1 of Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development
Trust vs. Mistrust (birth- 18 months).
Feedings
Stage 2 of Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development
Autonomy vs. Shame (18 months- 3 years old)
Potty training
Stage 3 of Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6) years old
independence
Stage 4 of Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development
Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years old)
Going to School
Stage 5 of Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development
Identity vs. Role Confusion
(adolescence)
Peer relationships
Stage 6 of Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development
Intimacy vs. Isolation
(young adulthood)
loving relationships
Stage 7 of Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development
Generativity vs. Stagnation
(middle adulthood)
Stage 8 of Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development
Integrity vs. Despair
(late adulthood)
Wisdom
What are James Marcia’s Four Statuses for Adolescent Identity
identity Achievement
identity foreclosure
identity diffusion
identity moratorium
What is identity achievement?
After considering realistic options, the individual has made choices and is pursuing them (strong sense
of commitment to life choices
What is identity foreclosure?
adolescents who do
not experiment with different options, yet commit to the goals, values, and lifestyles of
others.
What is identity diffusion?
when adolescents make no decisions about who they are or
what they want to do in life (no direction, confusion)
What is identity moratorium?
“identity crisis”; in the midst of struggling with choices
(suspension of choices).
Lawrence Kohlberg’s 3 levels of Moral Development
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
Preconventional level of moral development
Stage 1: Obedience Orientation - obey rules to avoid punishments and bad consequences.
Stage 2: Reward/Exchange Orientation - Right and wrong is determined by personal needs and wants - “If I want it, it is right”.
Conventional level of moral development
Stage 3: Being Nice/Relationships Orientation - Being good means being nice and pleasing others.
Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation - Laws and authorities must be obeyed; the social system must be maintained.
Postconventional level of moral development
Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation - The moral choice is determined by socially agreed upon standards - “the greatest good for the greatest number.”
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles Orientation - There are universal principles of human dignity and social justice that individuals should uphold, no matter what the law or other people say.
What is unique about Educational Psychology?
It is the study of how kids learn and how to teach them. It is unique because it covers both of these
Descriptive research
Describing things as they are in real life
Assimilation
fitting new info into existing schemes
EX: kid thinking a cat is a dog based on similar characteristics (living experiences)
What are some criticisms of Piaget’s theories
-he doesn’t give children enough credit
-He had strong beliefs in his 4 stages and didn’t think that children had the capacity to excel out of these groups as different ages
-His theory overlooks the important effects of children’s cultural and social group.
Preconventional moral of reasoning
Judgment is based on personal needs and other’s rules
Conventional moral reasoning
Judgment is based on others approval, laws of society, etc.
Postconventional moral reasoning
Judgement is based on individual conscience
What are some criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
-Used only male subjects
-Limitations of moral dilemmas to concepts of justice, fairness, and rights
-Cultural bias and limitation when generalizing results
-Age and education play bigger role than gender, with older and better educated subjects scoring higher
Advantages and disadvantages of labeling exceptional students
- Advantages: protecting children from other children, labels may open doors to special programs, needed assistance, and financial aid
-Disadvantages: Includes the stigma that may come with label (which often can’t be changed), the label can become a self-fulfilling prophecy
Problems with IQ
hard to compare IQ scores because of different environments kids are raised in
Advantage of using standardized tests
Everyone takes the same test and can be used for comparison with other students in same situation
