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Educational Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes a “true experiment”?

A
  1. The investigator manipulates at least one independent variable.
  2. Random selection and assignment of subjects to treatments.
  3. Compare the treatment group with one or more control groups.
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2
Q

What does positive correlation mean?

A

an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in another variable.

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3
Q

What does no correlation mean?

A

changes in one variable are not associated in any systematic
way with changes in the other variable (test score and eye color)

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4
Q

What does negative correlation mean?

A

an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other variable.

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5
Q

Teacher’s Sense of Efficacy

A

a teacher’s belief that he or she can reach even the most difficult students and help them learn (high sense of efficacy = work harder with greater persistence)

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6
Q

Development

A

orderly, adaptive changes we go through between conception and death: these developmental changes remain for a reasonably long period of time

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7
Q

Physical Development

A

changes in body structure and function over time

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8
Q

Personal Development

A

changes in personality that takes place as one grows

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8
Q

Social Development

A

changes over time in the ways we relate to others

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9
Q

Cognitive Development

A

gradual orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated

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10
Q

Synaptic Plasticity

A

the brain’s tendency to remain somewhat adaptable or flexible

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11
Q

Equilibrium

A

search for mental balance between cognitive schemes and information from the environment

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12
Q

Disequilibrium

A

in Piaget’s theory, the “out of balance” state that occurs when a person realizes that his or her current ways of thinking are not working

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13
Q

Object Permanence

A

the understanding that objects have a separate, permanent existence

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14
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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15
Q

Egocentric

A

assuming that others experience the world the way you do

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16
Q

Concrete Operations

A

Piaget’s stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations; about 7 - 11 years of age

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17
Q

Collective Monologue

A

form of speech in which children in a group talk but do not really interact or communicate

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18
Q

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

A

phase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support

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19
Q

Sensorimotor

A

Age (Newborn- 2)
Most learning is accomplished through the senses.

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20
Q

Formal Operational (11-??)

A

Age (11-??)
Concern for social issues, future and identity.

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21
Q

What is an alternative to Piaget’s theory of development?

A

Vygotsky Dialectical Theory (new ways of thinking emerge from dialogues).

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22
Q

Piaget thoughts on private speech

A

lack of cognitive maturity

23
Q

Vygotsky thoughts on private speech

A

saw private speech as self-talk that guided thinking and problem solving. Self-talk doubled when faced with problems.

24
Q

Scaffolding

A

external support from teachers/parents/peers to help children with problems just beyond their reach.

25
Q

Similarities of Piagetian and Vygotsky classrooms:

A

-Opportunities for active participation.
- Emphasis on process rather than product.
-Acceptance of individual differences in cognitive development.

26
Q

Differences f Piagetian and Vygotsky classrooms:

A

-Vygotsky classroom emphasizes assisted discovery rather than self-discovery.
-Vygotsky classroom emphasizes peer interaction for discovery.

27
Q

Stage 1 of Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development

A

Trust vs. Mistrust (birth- 18 months).

Feedings

28
Q

Stage 2 of Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development

A

Autonomy vs. Shame (18 months- 3 years old)

Potty training

29
Q

Stage 3 of Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development

A

Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6) years old

independence

30
Q

Stage 4 of Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development

A

Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years old)

Going to School

31
Q

Stage 5 of Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development

A

Identity vs. Role Confusion
(adolescence)

Peer relationships

32
Q

Stage 6 of Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation
(young adulthood)

loving relationships

33
Q

Stage 7 of Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development

A

Generativity vs. Stagnation
(middle adulthood)

34
Q

Stage 8 of Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages of Development

A

Integrity vs. Despair
(late adulthood)

Wisdom

35
Q

What are James Marcia’s Four Statuses for Adolescent Identity

A

identity Achievement
identity foreclosure
identity diffusion
identity moratorium

36
Q

What is identity achievement?

A

After considering realistic options, the individual has made choices and is pursuing them (strong sense
of commitment to life choices

37
Q

What is identity foreclosure?

A

adolescents who do
not experiment with different options, yet commit to the goals, values, and lifestyles of
others.

38
Q

What is identity diffusion?

A

when adolescents make no decisions about who they are or
what they want to do in life (no direction, confusion)

39
Q

What is identity moratorium?

A

“identity crisis”; in the midst of struggling with choices
(suspension of choices).

40
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg’s 3 levels of Moral Development

A

Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional

41
Q

Preconventional level of moral development

A

Stage 1: Obedience Orientation - obey rules to avoid punishments and bad consequences.

Stage 2: Reward/Exchange Orientation - Right and wrong is determined by personal needs and wants - “If I want it, it is right”.

42
Q

Conventional level of moral development

A

Stage 3: Being Nice/Relationships Orientation - Being good means being nice and pleasing others.

Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation - Laws and authorities must be obeyed; the social system must be maintained.

43
Q

Postconventional level of moral development

A

Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation - The moral choice is determined by socially agreed upon standards - “the greatest good for the greatest number.”

Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles Orientation - There are universal principles of human dignity and social justice that individuals should uphold, no matter what the law or other people say.

44
Q

What is unique about Educational Psychology?

A

It is the study of how kids learn and how to teach them. It is unique because it covers both of these

45
Q

Descriptive research

A

Describing things as they are in real life

46
Q

Assimilation

A

fitting new info into existing schemes
EX: kid thinking a cat is a dog based on similar characteristics (living experiences)

47
Q

What are some criticisms of Piaget’s theories

A

-he doesn’t give children enough credit
-He had strong beliefs in his 4 stages and didn’t think that children had the capacity to excel out of these groups as different ages
-His theory overlooks the important effects of children’s cultural and social group.

48
Q

Preconventional moral of reasoning

A

Judgment is based on personal needs and other’s rules

49
Q

Conventional moral reasoning

A

Judgment is based on others approval, laws of society, etc.

50
Q

Postconventional moral reasoning

A

Judgement is based on individual conscience

51
Q

What are some criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

A

-Used only male subjects
-Limitations of moral dilemmas to concepts of justice, fairness, and rights
-Cultural bias and limitation when generalizing results
-Age and education play bigger role than gender, with older and better educated subjects scoring higher

52
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of labeling exceptional students

A
  • Advantages: protecting children from other children, labels may open doors to special programs, needed assistance, and financial aid
    -Disadvantages: Includes the stigma that may come with label (which often can’t be changed), the label can become a self-fulfilling prophecy
53
Q

Problems with IQ

A

hard to compare IQ scores because of different environments kids are raised in

54
Q

Advantage of using standardized tests

A

Everyone takes the same test and can be used for comparison with other students in same situation

Educational Psychology (1 decks)

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