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Forensic Science > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

latin meaning of forensic

A

“of the forum”

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2
Q

lochards exchange principle

A

every contact leaves a trace

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3
Q

who do forensic scientists work for?

A

law enforcement or as civilians

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4
Q

how many labs are in the us?

A

400

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5
Q

what are bode labs used for?

A

paternity testing

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6
Q

what is a crime scene?

A

where the forensic world is established

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7
Q

goal of processing crime scene

A

collect and preserve evidence for later analysis

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8
Q

primary location vs secondary location

A

primary- original crime scene
secondary- subsequent crime scene

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9
Q

macro vs micro scopic location

A

macro- one location
micro- specific types of physical evidence

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10
Q

steps to process crime scene

A

plan of action, secure scene, survey, document, search, and collect

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11
Q

1st on the scene duties

A

detain suspects, provide medical assistance if needed

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12
Q

crime scene documentation

A

measurements, notes, photos, and sketch

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13
Q

measurements

A

must be taken from 2 pem points

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14
Q

photos

A

taken with and without scale

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15
Q

patterns of searching

A

spiral, zone, line, and grid

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16
Q

liquid evidence vs biological evidence

A

airtight container v nonairtight

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17
Q

what must happen to the containers after packaging?

A

sealed with signature on seal

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18
Q

trier of fact

A

whoever determines guilt or innocence

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19
Q

chain of custody

A

ppl who come in contact with evidence

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20
Q

real vs augmented evidence

A

real- blood and fingerprints
augmented- created like diagrams and drawings

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21
Q

direct v indirect transfer

A

direct- source to location with no intermediaries
indirect- one or more intermediaries

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22
Q

persistence

A

duartion which evidence remains in location before further transferred

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23
Q

contamination

A

undesired transfer between items of evidence

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24
Q

individualization

A

one unique characteristic exists in known and unknown samples

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25
Q

class

A

group of objects share similar characteristics

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26
Q

mode of production

A

concept of common source depends on material in question

27
Q

coincidental association

A

helps to determine what evidence is significant and what may be ignored

28
Q

2 fundamental processes of analysis of evidence

A

identification and comparison

29
Q

identification

A

process of discovering characteristics of evidence with eye putting it into similar classes

30
Q

comparison

A

done to establish sources of evidence

31
Q

control

A

source is known and used for comparison with unknown evidence

32
Q

positive v negative control

A

positive- positive result, shows test is working
negative control- negative result

33
Q

false positive

A

type 1 error, falsely accused, no negative control used

34
Q

false negative

A

type 2 error, falsely exonerated, no positive control used

35
Q

gene

A

consists of base pairs and is the fundamental unit of heredity

36
Q

dna

A

composed of nucleotides

37
Q

nucleotides

A

composed of series of linked repeating units

38
Q

backbone v base composition

A

backbone- sugar
base- nitrogen structure

39
Q

base pairs

A

adenine- thymine
guanine- cytosine

40
Q

who created the stucture of dna?

A

watson and crick; rosalind franklin

41
Q

cellular dna

A

arranged in chromosomes, 22 matched pairs of autosomes responsible for genetic makeup

42
Q

how many chromosomes do we have?

A

23

43
Q

mitochondrial dna

A

only maternal dna, more viable than nueclar

44
Q

polymorphic genes

A

exists in more than 1 form

45
Q

alleles

A

polymorphic forms of dna

46
Q

sequence polymorphism

A

difference in one or more base pairs without gene

47
Q

length polymorphism

A

repeating sequence of base pairs called tandem repeats

48
Q

what systems were used before dna typing?

A

ABO and Rh system

49
Q

why is RFLP not used anymore?

A

expensive and time consuming

50
Q

short tandem repeats

A

repeated sequences of bases, acts as a filler, and most successful DNA profiling, includes 2-7 base pairs

51
Q

polymerase chain reaction

A

technique for amplifying small quantities of dna

52
Q

done ex situ

A

outside of living cell

53
Q

process of polymerase chain reactions

A
  1. dna is heared and seperated
  2. primers added to link to single strand
  3. nucleotides added to rebuild
  4. process repeated 2-3 times
54
Q

extraction

A

break open cells to seperate dna from rest of cells

55
Q

amplification

A

make millions of copies of dna

56
Q

quantification

A

how much dna is present and the quality of the dna

57
Q

polymerase chain reaction

A

created by dr kary mullis, makes copies of DNA in machine called thermocycler

58
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

seperate various STRs by use of electricity, separates DNA based on size

59
Q

potential sources of dna

A

toothbrush, blood, gum, and hat

60
Q

bruccal sample

A

from inside cheek

61
Q

what happens after samples are collected?

A

dna profile is created

62
Q

CODIS

A

combined dna index system

63
Q

PCR

A

cold cases with partial dna revisted

64
Q

innocence project

A

created by barry sheck and peter neufeld.
provides assistance to ppl convicted of crime prior to DNA typing

Forensic Science (1 decks)

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