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plant biology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

protoplasm

A

organelles, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids within the cell - no cell wall

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2
Q

primary cell wall

A

parallel cellulose microfibrils which cover plasma membrane, bound together by hemicellulose, walls are glued together by the middle lamella composed of pectin

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3
Q

secondary cell wall

A

like seed coats, tracheids xylem cells, between primary and plasma membrane

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4
Q

ribosomes

A

found in protein-rich seeds as well as plants with digestive enzymes

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5
Q

central vacuole

A

tonoplast membrane - stores water and salts, able to digest old organelles and recycle nutrients

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6
Q

mitochondria

A

cellular respiration

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7
Q

plastids

A

young type - 5 types, chloroplasts, amyloplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts, etioplasts

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8
Q

etioplast

A

occurs when tissues are grown without light - stage in the transformation of protoplastids to chloroplasts

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9
Q

leucoplasts

A

colorless - occurs in plants without light or underground - roots and seeds - lead to amyloplasts

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10
Q

amyloplasts

A

starch storage in nonphotosynthetic areas of plant

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11
Q

chromoplasts

A

store bright lipid pigments

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12
Q

dictyosomes

A

like the Golgi, but for plants

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13
Q

microbodies

A

spherical bodies that produce or use hydrogen peroxide - peroxisomes detoxify biproducts
glyoxisomes convert stored fats into sugar

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14
Q

plasmodesmata

A

a small stream of the ER and cytosol that passes through the plasma membrane of adjacent cells - occur in clusters called primary pit fields

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15
Q

what are the basic cell types in plants

A

parenchyma, collenchyma, schlerenchyma

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16
Q

parenchyma

A

thin primary cell walls, metabolically active, alive at functional maturity - make up phloem

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17
Q

what are the 4 kinds of special parenchyma

A

glandular, phloem, chlorenchyma, transfer cells

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18
Q

what are the benefits of parenchyma

A

inexpensive to build, most leaves are soft and made up entirely of parenchyma

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19
Q

collenchyma

A

unevenly thickened primary cell walls, allows for plasticity, occurs beneath the epidermis and supporting vascular bundles

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20
Q

what are the types of collenchyma

A

angular, annular, lamellar, lacunar

21
Q

schlerenchyma

A

thick secondary cell wall, elastic strength, supoort the plant, dead at functional maturity

22
Q

what are the two types of schlerenchyma

A

mechanical - long flexible fibers - brittle sclereids
conductive

23
Q

what is conductive sclerenchyma

A

small plasmodesmata-rich area, two make up a pit pair, transports water, makes up tracheids and vessel elements in xylem

24
Q

what are the three types of plant tissues

A

dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue

25
Q

what are the 5 types of dermal tissues

A

cuticle, guard cells, stomata, root hairs, trichomes

26
Q

epidermis

A

single outer layer of parenchyma cells, protection, prevent H2O loss

27
Q

cuticle

A

cutin - outer tangental walls coated, waterproof, not as rewarding to eat

28
Q

guard cells and stomata

A

allow for gas exchange, stomatal pore surrounded by guard cells - help to regulate what comes in and out

29
Q

how to guard cells work

A

swell by absorbing water - closed at night or during period of water stress

30
Q

trichomes

A

epidermal cells that extend outwards - deter herbivory, minimize water loss, protect from sunlight, can act as secretory glands

31
Q

root hairs

A

extension of root epidermal cells - help absorb more

32
Q

what are the types of ground tissue

A

cortex and pith (eudicots)

33
Q

cortex

A

interior to epidermis - homologous, composed mostly of photosynthetic parenchyma and some collenchyma

34
Q

aerenchyma

A

cortex that is loosely packed with large cellular spaces

35
Q

pith

A

interior to vascular bundles in ground tissue - soft spongy parenchyma - sometimes stores starch

36
Q

vascular tissues

A

conducts materials throughout the plant - xylem (dead) and phloem (alive)

37
Q

xylem

A

tracheid and vessel elements - all made up of sclerenchyma - dead at functional maturity - pit membranes

38
Q

vessel elements

A

angiosperms - long-distance water and nutrient travel

39
Q

phloem

A

sieve cells and sieve-tube members - parenchyma cells and plasmodesmata for sieve pores

40
Q

sieve tubes

A

sieve plates - only in angiosperms

41
Q

albuminous cell

A

nonflowering plants, control the phloem

42
Q

companion cell

A

flowering plants - control the phloem - prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm - complex network of passages

43
Q

leaf axil

A

stem area right above where the leaf attaches - axillary bud, apical meristem, several young leaves

44
Q

terminal bud

A

extreme end of a stem

45
Q

phyllotaxy

A

positioning of leaves on a stem

46
Q

what are the three major phyllotaxy

A

alternate - one each node
opposite - two each node
whorled - three or more

47
Q

what are the external organization of stems

A

distichous - two rows from above
decussate - 4 rows from above
spiral - like a spiral staircase

48
Q

what are the stem modifications

A

stolons - fall over and keep growing
tubers - like potatoes
bulbs - thick fleshy leaves
rhizomes - fleshy horizontal stems

49
Q
A

plant biology (1 decks)

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