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Advanced Principles of Neural Science > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is dualism?

A

the mind and body are separate

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2
Q

what is monism?

A

everything consists of matter and energy and the mind is produced by the workings of the nervous system
–approach taken by behavioral neuroscientists

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3
Q

describe the turing test

A

a test for intelligence in a computer, requiring that a human being should be unable to distinguish the machine from another human being by using the replies to questions put to both.

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4
Q

who coined the term “consciousness”

A

Alan Turing

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5
Q

what did ancient Egyptian, indian, greek, and chinese cultures consider to be the sear of thought and emotions?

A

the heart

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6
Q

what are reflexes?

A

automatic and involuntary movements

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7
Q

who was Luigi Galvani?

A

studied how the nervous system sends messages to muscles

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8
Q

What did Johannes Müller do?

A

doctrine of specific nerve energies
–the brain is functionally divided

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9
Q

what did Pierre Flourens do?

A

experimented on the brain
–experimental ablation

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10
Q

what is epigenetics

A

environmental-dependent gene expression

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11
Q

what is functionalism?

A

a belief that characteristics of living organisms perform useful functions

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12
Q

what is it called when small percentage of mutations are beneficial to an organism

A

selective advantage

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13
Q

define evolution

A

a gradual change in the structure and physiology of a species as a result of natural selection

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14
Q

what is the name of the company responsible for regulating and approving animal research

A

IACUC

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15
Q

What are the three R’s of animal research?

A
  1. Replacement: use non-animal models whenever possible
  2. Reduction: use the smallest number of animals possible
  3. Refinement: minimize distress and improve welfare
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16
Q

define neuroethics

A

study of implications of, and develops best practices in, ethics for neuroscience research

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17
Q

what is the name of the company responsible for regulating and approving human research?

A

IRB

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18
Q

what is axoplasmic transport?

A

the system that propels messages inside length of axon

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19
Q

what chemical does mitochondria produce

A

adenosine triphosphate

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20
Q

what are the most important supporting cells

A

glial cells

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21
Q

what do astrocytes do

A

engulf and digest debris in process of phagocytosis

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22
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do

A

provide support to axons; produces myelin sheath
–node of ranvier

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23
Q

what do microglia do

A

act as phagocytes; and protect brain

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24
Q

where does MS attack?

A

myelin in CNS

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25
Q

what is the blood brain barrier?

A

selectively permeable barrier that regulates composition of extracellular fluid

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26
Q

where is the blood brain barrier weak?

A

area postrema

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27
Q

describe simple diffusion

A

high to low concentrations

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28
Q

describe facilitated diffusion

A

carrier-mediated endocytosis, in which solute molecules bind to specific membrane protein carriers, also from high to low

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29
Q

how do you test for a leak in BBB?

A

Evans Blue

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30
Q

what are the 2 forces responsible for the membrane potential?

A

diffusion and electrostatic pressure

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31
Q

which 4 ions help create membrane potential?

A

organic ions, chloride, sodium, potassium

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32
Q

how does the sodium-potassium pump work?

A

3 Na out, 2 K in

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33
Q

what are the 6 phases of an action potential?

A
  1. Na+ channels open, Na+ begins to enter cell
  2. K+ channels open, K+ begins to leave cell
  3. Na+ channels become refractory, no more Na+ enters cell
  4. K+ continues to leave cell, causes membrane potential to return to resting level
  5. K+ channels close, Na+ channels reset
  6. Extra K+ outside diffuses away
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34
Q

what is neural integration?

A

rate of neuron firing controlled by excitatory and inhibitory input to its dendrites and soma

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35
Q

what are neuromodulators?

A

chemicals released by neurons that travel farther and dispersed more widely than neurotransmitters
–most are peptides

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36
Q

_____ contain receptors for particular hormones

A

target cells

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37
Q

what is the tentorium?

A

tent-shaped duplicated fold of meningeal dura

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38
Q

anterior

A

toward the head

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39
Q

posterior

A

toward the tail

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40
Q

rostral

A

toward the front of the face

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41
Q

caudal

A

away from the front of the face

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42
Q

neuraxis

A

goes from bottom of spinal cord to front of forebrain

43
Q

name and describe the 3 meninges

A
  1. dura mater: tough mother; outer layer
  2. arachnoid membrane: middle layer
  3. pia mater: tender mother; around every surface
44
Q

what is meningitis

A

inflammation or swelling of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord

45
Q

what is encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain itself

46
Q

what are causes of encephalitis?

A

herpes simples virus: attacks frontal and temporal lobes
acute anterior poliomyelitis: causes specific damage to motor neurons of brain and spinal cord
rabies: damages CNS and peripheral organs
HIV: causes damage to synapses and death of neurons

47
Q

how much blood flow does the brain receive from the heart

48
Q

what are the principal structures on telencephalon?

A

cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
limbic system

49
Q

what are the principle structures in diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus

50
Q

what are the principle structures in mesencephalon

A

tectum
tegmentum

51
Q

what are the principle structures in metencephalon

A

cerebellum
pons

52
Q

what is the principle structure in myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

53
Q

limbic system

A

involved in learning, memory, and emotions

54
Q

basal ganglia

A

control of mvmt

55
Q

thalamus

A

projects info to specific regions of cerebral cortex and receives info from it

56
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
–produces and controls secretion of hormones
–organizes behaviors related to survival of species

57
Q

what are the principal structures in tectum

A

superior and inferior colliculi

58
Q

What is the difference between somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system?

A

somatic receives sensory info from the sensory organs and controls the mvmt of skeletal muscles

autonomic regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

59
Q

what is psychopharmacology

A

the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior

60
Q

what is the most common form of drug administration

61
Q

what is the most important factor in determining the rate of distribution

A

lipid solubility

62
Q

out of everyone with end-stage renal disease, was percentage of them are on dialysis?

63
Q

how do we measure a drug’s effectiveness?

A

dose-response curve

64
Q

what is the therapeutic index?

A

dose that provides the desired effect in 50% of the individuals and the dose that produces toxic effect in 50% of individuals

65
Q

What is the role of tolerance and sensitization when examining the effects of repeated administration?

A

Tolerance decreases in drug effectiveness

sensitization increases in drug effectiveness

66
Q

how do we adjust for nocebo and placebo effects?

A

double-blind experiment

67
Q

CNS functions of glutamate

A

excitatory; interacts w other NT systems

68
Q

CNS functions of GABA

A

inhibitory, interacts w other NT systems

69
Q

CNS functions of ACh

A

learning, memory, REM sleep

70
Q

PNS functions of ACh

A

regulates muscle contraction

71
Q

CNS functions of dopamine

A

voluntary mvmt, attention, learning, reinforcement, planning, problem solving

72
Q

CNS functions of NE/E

73
Q

CNS functions of serotonin

A

mood regulation, eating, sleep, dreaming, arousal, impulse control

74
Q

CNS functions of histamine

A

wakefulness

75
Q

CNS functions of opioids

A

reinforcement, pain, modulation

76
Q

CNS functions of endocannabinoids

A

appetite regulation

77
Q

PNS functions of endocannabinoids

A

immune response

78
Q

PNS functions of opioids

A

pain modulation

79
Q

PNS functions of histamine

A

immune response

80
Q

PNS functions of serotonin

A

involved in the enteric nervous system (digestive tract)

81
Q

PNS functions of NE/E

A

autonomic nervous system regulation

82
Q

what is the inhibitory amino acid in the spinal cord and lower brain stem?

83
Q

what are some characteristics of glutamate?

A

all sensory organs transmit info to the brain through axons that release glutamate
–exception are neurons that detect painful stimuli

84
Q

what is the glutamate precursor

85
Q

what is the glutamate enzyme

A

glutaminase

86
Q

receptors of glutamate

A

NMDA, AMPA, kainate

87
Q

what are some characteristics of GABA

A

seizures may be result of lacking or poorly functioning GABA-secreting neurons or receptors

GABA-A receptors are ionotropic and control chloride channels

88
Q

what is the GABA precursor

A

glutamic acid

89
Q

what is the enzyme for GABA

A

glutamic acid decarboxylase

90
Q

what are some characteristics of ACh?

A

functions in both CNS and PNS

91
Q

what is the ACh precursor

A

choline + acetyl coA

92
Q

what is the ACh enzyme?

93
Q

how is myasthenia gravis treated

A

AChE inhibitors

94
Q

what are the monoamines

A

dopamine, NE, E, serotonin

95
Q

what causes parkinson’s disease

A

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons that connect the substantia nigra with the caudate nucleus

96
Q

mesolimbic system

A

nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus

reinforcement

97
Q

mesocortical system

A

VTA to PFC

formation of short-term memories, planning, strategy prep for problem solving

98
Q

what is the dopamine precursor?

99
Q

what deactivates catecholamones

100
Q

How is NE released?

A

through axonal varicosities

101
Q

where is serotonin found in the brain

A

raphe nuclei of midbrain, pons, and medulla

released from varicosities

102
Q

what are the best known peptides

A

endogenous opioids

103
Q

what are enkephalins

A

natural ligands for receptors

Advanced Principles of Neural Science (1 decks)

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