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SLHS 408 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ is the outer layer of the cerebrum.

A

cortex

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2
Q

The primary motor cortex is important for initiating ______.

A

motor movements

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3
Q

The primary motor cortex contains what kind of motor neurons?

A

Upper motor neurons

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4
Q

Both the ______ area and the ______ area are important for planning, initiating, and selecting the correct movement.

A

premotor; supplementary

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5
Q

What cortical area receives sensory information from the body?

A

Primary somatosensory area or primary sensory cortex

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6
Q

The basal ganglia is in what part of the brain?

A

Subcortex

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7
Q

The basal ganglia regulates aspects of motor control via the mechanism of ______.

A

inhibition

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8
Q

The ______ can be described as a relay station.

A

thalamus

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9
Q

The ______ is the site of many reflexes involved in respiration, body temperature, swallowing, and digestion.

A

brainstem

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10
Q

What specialized nerves come from the brainstem?

A

Cranial nerves

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11
Q

The cortex exerts ______ control of movement, while the cerebellum exerts ______ control of movement.

A

contralateral; ipsilateral

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12
Q

The ______ guides voluntary movements.

A

somatic nervous system

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13
Q

The ______ regulates involuntary movements.

A

autonomic nervous system

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14
Q

What nerves in the PNS allow you to feel pain and other sensations?

A

Afferent (input)

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15
Q

What nerves in the PNS connect the CNS to muscles to trigger movement?

A

Efferent (output)

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16
Q

What nerves in the PNS control involuntary function?

A

Autonomic

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17
Q

Upper motor neurons originate from the ______.

A

motor cortex

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18
Q

Upper motor neurons ______ voluntary movement.

A

initiate

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19
Q

Lower motor neurons originate from the ______ or ______.

A

brainstem; spinal cord

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20
Q

Lower motor neurons ______ voluntary movement.

A

execute

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21
Q

Cranial nerves control what parts of the body?

A

The head and neck

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22
Q

The Trigeminal nerve (CN V) provides sensory information from the ______ and motor impulses to the muscles of ______.

A

face; chewing

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23
Q

The Facial nerve (CN VII) provides ______ information from the front of the tongue and motor impulses to the muscles of the ______.

A

taste; face

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24
Q

The Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) provides ______ information from the back of the tongue, as well as other sensory information from the ______, ______, and ______.

A

taste; posterior tongue; tonsils; pharynx

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25
Q

The Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) sends motor impulses to the muscles involved in ______.

A

swallowing

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26
Q

The three branches of the Vagus nerve (CN X) are the ______, ______, and ______.

A

pharyngeal; superior laryngeal; recurrent laryngeal

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27
Q

The ______ branch of the Vagus provides sensory information from the ______ and motor impulses to the ______ and ______.

A

pharyngeal; pharynx; soft palate; pharynx

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28
Q

The ______ branch of the Vagus has two branches: ______ and ______.

A

superior laryngeal; intrinsic; extrinsic

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29
Q

The intrinsic branch provides sensory information from the ______.

A

larynx

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30
Q

The extrinsic branch controls the ______ muscle and the ______ pharyngeal constrictor.

A

cricothyroid; inferior

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31
Q

The ______ side of the recurrent laryngeal branch is longer/travels further.

A

left

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32
Q

The recurrent laryngeal branch provides motor control to all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the ______.

A

cricothyroid muscles

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33
Q

The recurrent laryngeal branch provides sensory information from ______ the vocal folds.

A

below

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34
Q

The ______ nerve provides motor control to all the muscles of the tongue.

A

hypoglossal

35
Q

How does an infant show readiness for starting transitional feeding?
a. Maintains upright posture for short period of time
b. Is around 6 months of age
c. Can use an open cup
d. Tongue protrusion reflex is gone

A

a. Maintains upright posture for short period of time
b. Is around 6 months of age
d. Tongue protrusion reflex is gone

36
Q

Before the pharyngeal swallow is triggered in infants, liquid is collected at:
a. Faucial arches
b. Pyriform sinuses
c. Valleculae
d. Lateral sulcus

A

a. Faucial arches
c. Valleculae

37
Q

Which are accurate anatomical differences between infants and adults?
a. Larynx is higher in the neck
b. Tongue is smaller
c. Hard palate is more curved
d. Fat pads narrow oral cavity laterally
e. Soft palate touches epiglottis

A

a. Larynx is higher in the neck
d. Fat pads narrow oral cavity laterally
e. Soft palate touches epiglottis

38
Q

Which intrinsic laryngeal muscle ABDUCTS the vocal folds?
a. Interarytenoids
b. Cricothyroid
c. Lateral cricoarytenoid
d. Posterior cricoarytenoid

A

d. Posterior cricoarytenoid

39
Q

What branch of the Vagus nerve sends motor impulses to the muscle from the previous question (posterior cricoarytenoid)?
a. Recurrent laryngeal branch
b. SLN- extrinsic
c. SLN- intrinsic
d. Pharyngeal

A

a. Recurrent laryngeal branch

40
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve controls all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT:
a. Interarytenoid
b. Cricothyroid
c. Thyromuscularis
d. Lateral cricothyroid

A

b. Cricothyroid

41
Q

What branch of the Vagus controls the cricothyroid muscle?
a. Pharyngeal
b. RLN
c. SLN- extrinsic
d. SLN- intrinsic

A

c. SLN- extrinsic

42
Q

What does contraction of the cricothyroid do to the vocal folds?
a. Lengthens
b. Lowers pitch
c. Shortens
d. Elevates pitch

A

a. Lengthens
d. Elevates pitch

43
Q

What branch of the Vagus nerve is responsible for sensations within the larynx at/above the vocal folds?
a. RLN
b. SLN- intrinsic
c. SLN- extrinsic
d. Pharyngeal

A

b. SLN- intrinsic

44
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for motor impulses for sucking and maintaining a labial seal?
a. CN V (trigeminal)
b. CN VII (facial)
c. CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
d. CN XII (hypoglossal)

A

b. CN VII (facial)

45
Q

Which cranial nerve triggers the pharyngeal swallow?
a. CN V (trigeminal)
b. CN VII (facial)
c. CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
d. CN XII (hypoglossal)

A

c. CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

46
Q

Which cranial nerve controls muscles of mastication?
a. CN V (trigeminal)
b. CN VII (facial)
c. CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
d. CN XII (hypoglossal)

A

a. CN V (trigeminal)

47
Q

Which cranial nerve controls lingual muscles in the oral prep and transport phases?
a. CN V (trigeminal)
b. CN VII (facial)
c. CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
d. CN XII (hypoglossal)

A

d. CN XII (hypoglossal)

48
Q

What mechanism does the basal ganglia use to regulate motor control?
a. Planning
b. Initiation
c. Inhibition
d. Coordination

A

c. Inhibition

49
Q

What kind of motor neurons are cranial nerves?
a. Upper motor neurons
b. Lower motor neurons
c. Both

A

b. Lower motor neurons

50
Q

Cranial nerves originate from the:
a. Primary motor cortex
b. Supplementary motor cortex
c. Thalamus
d. Brainstem

A

d. Brainstem

51
Q

What kind of bolus loss occurs at the lips?
a. Anterior loss
b. Lateral loss
c. Posterior loss

A

a. Anterior loss

52
Q

In healthy, non-elderly adults, the pharyngeal swallow is triggered:
a. Any point between the alveolar ridge and the base of tongue
b. Any point between the lips and the alveolar ridge
c. Any point between the faucial arches and where the tongue base crosses the mandible
d. Any point between the faucial arches and the underside of the epiglottis
e. Any time it wants

A

c. Any point between the faucial arches and where the tongue base crosses the mandible

53
Q

During the pharyngeal phase, why does the velum elevate and retract?
a. Prevent nasal regurgitation
b. Help generate downward pressure on the bolus
c. Allows you to breathe and swallow simultaneously

A

a. Prevent nasal regurgitation
b. Help generate downward pressure on the bolus

54
Q

What is the purpose of the movement of the larynx and hyoid bone at the onset of the pharyngeal swallow?
a. Close the airway
b. Open the airway
c. Open/relax UES

A

a. Close the airway
c. Open/relax UES

55
Q

How is the movement of the larynx and hyoid bone best described at the pharyngeal swallow onset?

A

They are elevated and move anteriorly

56
Q

What does the tongue NOT do during the oral transport phase?
a. Form a central groove
b. Thrust forward
c. Maintains a seal against the hard palate
d. Maintains a seal against the upper molars

A

b. Thrust forward

57
Q

What is the primary mechanism for increasing loudness?
a. Subglottal pressure
b. Myoelastic aerodynamic theory
c. Bernoulli effect
d. Hyperadduction

A

a. Subglottal pressure

58
Q

The vocal ligament is comprised of:
a. Deep lamina propria
b. Intermediate lamina propria
c. Superior lamina propria
d. Basement membrane

A

a. Deep lamina propria
b. Intermediate lamina propria

59
Q

What makes up the body of the vocal fold?
a. Deep lamina propria
b. Intermediate lamina propria
c. Superior lamina propria
d. Thyrovocalis
e. Thyromuscularis

A

d. Thyrovocalis
e. Thyromuscularis

60
Q

Where is the greatest activity in voicing?
a. Cover
b. Body
c. Transition

61
Q

With breathing for speech, what percentage of the cycle is inspiration?
a. 90%
b. 60%
c. 10%

62
Q

Which portion of the TVF length are cartilaginous?
a. Anterior ⅓
b. Posterior ⅓
c. Posterior ⅔
d. Anterior ⅔

A

b. Posterior ⅓

63
Q

What are the two primary muscles of inspiration?
a. External intercostals
b. Sternoclinomastoid
c. Diaphragm
d. Scalene

A

a. External intercostals
c. Diaphragm

64
Q

Does a cranial nerve or a spinal never tell the diaphragm to contract?
a. Cranial nerve
b. Spinal nerve

A

b. Spinal nerve

65
Q

Which nerve is responsible for the action from the previous question (telling the diaphragm to contract)?
a. Phrenic nerve
b. Sciatic nerve
c. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
d. Trigeminal nerve

A

a. Phrenic nerve

66
Q

Adducts, shortens, and tenses the vocal folds (innervated by the RLN)

A

Thyrovocalis

67
Q

Shortens and relaxes the vocal folds (innervated by the RLN)

A

Thyromuscularis

68
Q

Abducts the vocal folds (innervated by the RLN)

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid

69
Q

Adducts the vocal folds (innervated by the RLN)

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid and interarytenoids

70
Q

Lengthens the vocal folds (innervated by the extrinsic branch of the SLN)

A

Cricothyroid

71
Q

Sensory only branch of the Vagus nerve; mucous membranes of the larynx from the vocal folds to the base of the tongue

A

Intrinsic branch of SLN

72
Q

Motor only branch of the Vagus nerve; controls the cricothyroid muscle (pitch) and inferior pharyngeal constrictor (swallowing)

A

Extrinsic branch of SLN

73
Q

Sensory (mucous membranes below vocal folds, trachea, and upper esophagus) and motor (all intrinsic muscles of the larynx (the openers and closers), except cricothyroid) branch of the Vagus nerve

A

Recurrent laryngeal branch (RLN)

74
Q

Sensory (mucous membranes of the pharynx) and motor (muscles of the pharynx, lifts soft palate) branch of the Vagus nerve

A

Pharyngeal branch

75
Q

For the lungs to inflate, alveolar pressure must be ______ than atmospheric pressure.

76
Q

For air to flow out of the lungs, alveolar pressure must be ______ than atmospheric pressure.

77
Q

What nerve are motor impulses sent through to the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve

78
Q

Oxygen travels from an area of ______ pressure to an area of ______ pressure.

79
Q

When the diaphragm contracts, it moves ______.

80
Q

When the diaphragm contracts, lung volume ______ and alveolar pressure ______.

A

increases; decreases

81
Q

The two primary muscles of inspiration are the ______ and ______.

A

diaphragm; external intercostals

82
Q

Contracting which two muscles makes expiration an active force rather than a passive force?

A

Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

83
Q

Quiet breathing is ______ exhalation.

84
Q

Breathing for speech is ______ exhalation.

SLHS 408 (3 decks)

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