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Culture and Society > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anthropology

A

Studies humans and their cultures

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2
Q

Holistic Approach

A

Study of the whole human condition: past, present, future, biology, nature, culture

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3
Q

Comparative Approach

A

Examines all societies/cross-cultural perspectives

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4
Q

Biological genetic adaptation

A

Occurs over generations; larger barrel chest of native highlanders

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4
Q

Cultural Adaptation

A

Specific diet and clothing

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5
Q

Long-term biological adaptation

A

Occurs during growth and development; more efficient respiratory systems

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6
Q

Short-term biological adaptation

A

Occurs spontaneously; increased heart rate and hyperventilation

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7
Q

Subfields of Anthropology

A
  1. Sociocultural
  2. Archeology
  3. Biological
  4. Linguistic
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8
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

Study of human societies and culture

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9
Q

Ethnology

A

Interpretation of the data
- compare and contrast
- they test hypothesis and build theories

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10
Q

Archaeology

A

reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through analysis of material culture

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11
Q

Biological Anthropology

A

studies human diversity in time and space

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12
Q

5 specialties in biological anthropology

A
  • human evolution
  • human genetics
  • human growth and development
  • human biological plasticity
  • primatology
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13
Q

Linguistics

A

Studies language in its social and cultural context

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14
Q

Applied Anthropology

A

The application of anthropological data, perspectives, theories, and methods to identify, assess, and solve current social problems

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15
Q

Individualism

A

A distinct shared value and feature of American culture

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16
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Viewing one’s own culture as superior

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17
Q

Culture

A

Includes knowledge, art, morals, beliefs, law, and habits acquired by man as members of society

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18
Q

Sir Edward Tylor’s definition of culture

A

“cultures are systems of human behavior and thought”

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19
Q

Enculturation

A

process by which a child learns their culture

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20
Q

Culture is what?

A

Acquired

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21
Q

5 Characteristics of Culture

A
  • Learned
  • Symbolic
  • Shared
  • Integrated
  • Instrumental, adaptive, and maladaptive
22
Q

First toolmakers date back until when?

A

2.6 million years ago

23
Q

Hominids

A

Any fossil, living or human
(chimp and gorillas)

24
Q

Hominins

A

Hominids excluding the African apes; all human species that ever existed

25
Q

Humans similarities to Primates:

A
  • ability to learn and change behavior
  • tools
  • aim and throw objects
  • habitual hunters
26
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

It is inappropriate to use outside standards to judge behavior in a given society. Such behavior needs to be evaluated in the
context of the culture in which it occurs. to know another culture requires full understanding of its members’ beliefs and motivations

27
Q

How humans differ with Primates:

A
  • cooperation and sharing
  • mating behavior
  • rules of marriage
  • kinship systems
28
Q

Key cultural consultants

A

experts on a particular aspect of local life

29
Q

FGM

A

Female genital mutilation
(seen in african cultures)

30
Q

Life histories

A

a personal trait of someone’s life in a culture

31
Q

Kinship

A

Prominent building in nonindustrial societies

32
Q

Malinoswki and Boas

A

their personal fieldwork experiences revolutionized the content and practice of anthropology

33
Q

The genealogical method

A
  • use of diagrams and symbols
34
Q

Problem-oriented Ethnography

A

gather info on factors such as population density, environmental quality, climate, geography, diet, and land use

35
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

long term study of community, region, society, culture, usually based on repeat visits

36
Q

Team Research

A

based on longitudinal research

37
Q

Ethnography

A

to discover local views, beliefs, and perceptions; based on fieldwork

38
Q

Emic approach

A

(Native Oriented)
investigates how natives think, categorize the world, express thoughts, etc.

39
Q

Etic approach

A

(Science Oriented)
emphasizes categories, interpretations, and features, that the anthropologists consider important

40
Q

Unilineal Evolutionism
(Tylor and Morgan)

A

proposed that human societies have evolved through savagery, barbarism, and civilization.

41
Q

Historical Particularism
(Franz Boas)

A
  • proposed to consider the historical context of societies and to move beyond the unilineal evolutionary approach
  • stressed the importance of diffusion
42
Q

Diffusion

A

Borrowing among cultures

43
Q

Functionalism
(Malinowski)

A
  • the belief that humans have a set of universal biological needs, and customs to satisfy those needs
  • suggested that customs and institutions in society are integrated and interrelated
44
Q

Structural Functionalism
(Radcliffe-Brown and Evans)

A

Customs function to preserve the social structure

45
Q

Configurationism
(Margaret Mead)

A

Culture, not biology, determines variation in human behavior and personality

46
Q

Cultural resource management

A

preservation of significant cultural remains when sites are threatened by development or public work

47
Q

Developmental anthropology

A

focus on social issues and the cultural dimension of economic development

48
Q

Urban anthropology

A

cross-cultural and ethnographic study of urbanization and life in cities

49
Q

Medical anthropology

A

comparative, biocultural study of disease, health problems, and health care systems

50
Q

Disease

A

Health threat caused genetically or by bacteria, fungus, parasite, or pathogen.

51
Q

Illness

A

Condition of poor health perceived or felt by someone

52
Q

Forensic anthropology

A

determine the sex, age, genetic population, of skeletal or biological material in questions of civil or criminal law

Culture and Society (1 decks)

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