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Culture and Society > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

Studies humans and their cultures

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2
Q

Holistic Approach

A

Study of the whole human condition: past, present, future, biology, nature, culture

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3
Q

Comparative Approach

A

Examines all societies/cross-cultural perspectives

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4
Q

Biological genetic adaptation

A

Occurs over generations; larger barrel chest of native highlanders

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4
Q

Cultural Adaptation

A

Specific diet and clothing

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5
Q

Long-term biological adaptation

A

Occurs during growth and development; more efficient respiratory systems

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6
Q

Short-term biological adaptation

A

Occurs spontaneously; increased heart rate and hyperventilation

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7
Q

Subfields of Anthropology

A
  1. Sociocultural
  2. Archeology
  3. Biological
  4. Linguistic
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8
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

Study of human societies and culture

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9
Q

Ethnology

A

Interpretation of the data
- compare and contrast
- they test hypothesis and build theories

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10
Q

Archaeology

A

reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through analysis of material culture

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11
Q

Biological Anthropology

A

studies human diversity in time and space

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12
Q

5 specialties in biological anthropology

A
  • human evolution
  • human genetics
  • human growth and development
  • human biological plasticity
  • primatology
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13
Q

Linguistics

A

Studies language in its social and cultural context

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14
Q

Applied Anthropology

A

The application of anthropological data, perspectives, theories, and methods to identify, assess, and solve current social problems

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15
Q

Individualism

A

A distinct shared value and feature of American culture

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16
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Viewing one’s own culture as superior

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17
Q

Culture

A

Includes knowledge, art, morals, beliefs, law, and habits acquired by man as members of society

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18
Q

Sir Edward Tylor’s definition of culture

A

“cultures are systems of human behavior and thought”

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19
Q

Enculturation

A

process by which a child learns their culture

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20
Q

Culture is what?

A

Acquired

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21
Q

5 Characteristics of Culture

A
  • Learned
  • Symbolic
  • Shared
  • Integrated
  • Instrumental, adaptive, and maladaptive
22
Q

First toolmakers date back until when?

A

2.6 million years ago

23
Q

Hominids

A

Any fossil, living or human
(chimp and gorillas)

24
Hominins
Hominids excluding the African apes; all human species that ever existed
25
Humans similarities to Primates:
- ability to learn and change behavior - tools - aim and throw objects - habitual hunters
26
Cultural Relativism
It is inappropriate to use outside standards to judge behavior in a given society. Such behavior needs to be evaluated in the context of the culture in which it occurs. to know another culture requires full understanding of its members’ beliefs and motivations
27
How humans differ with Primates:
- cooperation and sharing - mating behavior - rules of marriage - kinship systems
28
Key cultural consultants
experts on a particular aspect of local life
29
FGM
Female genital mutilation (seen in african cultures)
30
Life histories
a personal trait of someone's life in a culture
31
Kinship
Prominent building in nonindustrial societies
32
Malinoswki and Boas
their personal fieldwork experiences revolutionized the content and practice of anthropology
33
The genealogical method
- use of diagrams and symbols
34
Problem-oriented Ethnography
gather info on factors such as population density, environmental quality, climate, geography, diet, and land use
35
Longitudinal Research
long term study of community, region, society, culture, usually based on repeat visits
36
Team Research
based on longitudinal research
37
Ethnography
to discover local views, beliefs, and perceptions; based on fieldwork
38
Emic approach
(Native Oriented) investigates how natives think, categorize the world, express thoughts, etc.
39
Etic approach
(Science Oriented) emphasizes categories, interpretations, and features, that the anthropologists consider important
40
Unilineal Evolutionism (Tylor and Morgan)
proposed that human societies have evolved through savagery, barbarism, and civilization.
41
Historical Particularism (Franz Boas)
- proposed to consider the historical context of societies and to move beyond the unilineal evolutionary approach - stressed the importance of diffusion
42
Diffusion
Borrowing among cultures
43
Functionalism (Malinowski)
- the belief that humans have a set of universal biological needs, and customs to satisfy those needs - suggested that customs and institutions in society are integrated and interrelated
44
Structural Functionalism (Radcliffe-Brown and Evans)
Customs function to preserve the social structure
45
Configurationism (Margaret Mead)
Culture, not biology, determines variation in human behavior and personality
46
Cultural resource management
preservation of significant cultural remains when sites are threatened by development or public work
47
Developmental anthropology
focus on social issues and the cultural dimension of economic development
48
Urban anthropology
cross-cultural and ethnographic study of urbanization and life in cities
49
Medical anthropology
comparative, biocultural study of disease, health problems, and health care systems
50
Disease
Health threat caused genetically or by bacteria, fungus, parasite, or pathogen.
51
Illness
Condition of poor health perceived or felt by someone
52
Forensic anthropology
determine the sex, age, genetic population, of skeletal or biological material in questions of civil or criminal law

Culture and Society (1 decks)

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